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Thermo-mechanical simulation of frost heave in saturated soils
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4395-2541
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7333-1140
2024 (English)In: Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, ISSN 2095-2430, E-ISSN 2095-2449, Vol. 17, no 9, p. 1400-1412Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Roads are exposed to various degradation mechanisms during their lifetime. The pavement deterioration caused by the surrounding environment is particularly severe in winter when the humidity and subfreezing temperatures prevail. Frost heave-induced damage is one of the winter-related pavement deterioration. It occurs when the porewater in the soil is exposed to freezing temperatures. The study of frost heave requires conducting a multiphysics analysis, considering the thermal, mechanical, and hydraulic fields. This paper presents the use of a coupled thermo-mechanical approach to simulate frost heave in saturated soils. A function predicting porosity evolution is implemented to couple the thermal and mechanical field analyses. This function indirectly considers the effect of the water seepage inside the soil. Different frost heave scenarios with uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions are considered to demonstrate the capabilities of the method. The results of the simulations indicate that the thermo-mechanical model captures various processes involved in the frost heave phenomenon, such as water fusion, porosity variation, cryogenic suction force generation, and soil expansion. The characteristics and consequences of each process are determined and discussed separately. Furthermore, the results show that non-uniform thermal boundaries and presence of a culvert inside the soil result in uneven ground surface deformations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Higher Education Press Limited Company , 2024. Vol. 17, no 9, p. 1400-1412
Keywords [en]
frost heave, multiphysics analysis, saturated soils, thermo-mechanical approach
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366644DOI: 10.1007/s11709-023-0990-xISI: 001103671800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85176765811OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-366644DiVA, id: diva2:1982849
Note

Not duplicate with DiVA 1712289

QC 20250709

Available from: 2025-07-09 Created: 2025-07-09 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A mechanistic framework for evaluating the performance of asphalt pavements subjected to frost heave and thaw settlement
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A mechanistic framework for evaluating the performance of asphalt pavements subjected to frost heave and thaw settlement
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Asphalt pavements are subjected to various forms of deterioration throughout their service life due to the combined effects of traffic loading and environmental conditions. In cold regions, the coexistence of subfreezing temperatures and a high moisture content promotes the formation of ice lenses in frost-susceptible soils that may be present in the subgrade layer. This phenomenon, known as frost heave, induces differential upward movement of the ground surface, leading to cracking and surface irregularities in pavements. During the subsequent thawing period, the melting of ice lenses leads to a significant reduction in the stiffness and stability of the underlying soil, thereby compromising the structural integrity of the pavement. This cycle of frost heave and thaw settlement contributes to progressive surface degradation, a phenomenon commonly observed in countries like Sweden, where long winters and moisture-saturated soils are prevalent.

The present thesis proposes a mechanistic framework to assess the performance of asphalt pavements under frost heave and thaw settlement. To achieve this, a thermomechanical frost heave–thaw settlement model is coupled with a thermodynamics-based asphalt damage model. In the frost heave–thaw settlement component, thermal and mechanical fields are coupled through a porosity evolution function, which implicitly accounts for water seepage during frost heave. Notably, the proposed model introduces a new approach in which the formation of ice lenses during frost heave and the excess water introduced into soil composite during the thawing phase are treated analogously to the healing and damage processes in continuum damage mechanics. 

The mechanical behavior of asphalt materials is modeled using a continuum constitutive framework capturing viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, and material degradation. The formulation is developed in the context of finite strain theory and is grounded in thermodynamic principles governing irreversible processes. In this model, damage initiation and evolution are ascribed to the restored viscoelastic energy. 

The proposed framework is implemented and evaluated across study scenarios that include both uniform and non-uniform frost heave and thaw settlement. The scenarios comprise isolated freeze-thaw cycles and full-scale cases using measured climate data from the city of Kiruna in northern Sweden. The results show that the framework effectively captures the frost action within the soil by modeling the evolution of porosity, the distribution of ice and liquid water contents, and the associated ground surface deformations. In addition, it enables the analysis of the subsequent propagation of damage within the asphalt layer. The framework also serves as a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of various mitigation strategies aimed at alleviating the detrimental effects of annual ground surface deformations induced by frost heave and thaw settlement.

Abstract [sv]

Asfaltbeläggningar utsätts under sin livslängd för olika former av nedbrytningtill följd av den sammantagna påverkan från trafikbelastningoch miljöförhållanden. I kalla regioner främjar samtidig förekomst avtemperaturer under fryspunkten och hög fukthalt bildningen av islinser ifrostkänsliga jordar som kan förekomma i undergrunden. Detta fenomen,känt som tjällyftning, orsakar ojämn upplyftning av markytan, vilketleder till sprickbildning och ytojämnheter i beläggningar. Under denefterföljande töperioden medför smältning av islinser en avsevärd minskningav styvhet och stabilitet i den underliggande jorden, vilket försämrarbeläggningens bärförmåga. Denna cykel av tjällyftning och tösättningbidrar till successiv ytdegradering, ett vanligt förekommande problemi länder som Sverige där långa vintrar och fuktsaturerade jordar ärvanliga.

Föreliggande avhandling föreslår ett mekanistiskt ramverk för att bedömaasfaltbeläggningars prestanda under tjällyftning och tösättning. Fördetta kopplas en termomekanisk modell för tjällyftning–tösättning sammanmed en termodynamiskt baserad skademodell för asfalt. I delmodellenför tjällyftning–tösättning kopplas de termiska och mekaniskafälten via en funktion för porositetsutveckling som implicit beaktarvattengenomströmning under tjällyftning. Särskilt kan nämnas att denföreslagna modellen introducerar ett nytt angreppssätt där bildningenav islinser under tjällyftning och det överskottsvatten som tillförs jordmaterialetunder töfasen behandlas analogt med läknings- respektiveskadeprocesser inom kontinuumskademekanik.

Det mekaniska beteendet hos asfaltmaterial modelleras med ett kontinuummekaniskt konstitutivt ramverk som fångar viskoelasticitet, viskoplasticitetoch materialdegradering. Formuleringen utvecklas inom ramenför stora deformationer och vilar på termodynamiska principer för irreversiblaprocesser. I modellen kopplas initiering och utveckling av skadatill den återvunna viskoelastiska energin.

Ramverket implementeras och utvärderas i studiescenarier som omfattarbåde uniforma och icke-uniforma tjällyftningar och tösättningar. Scenariernainkluderar enstaka frys–töcykler samt fullskalefall baseradepå uppmätta klimatdata från Kiruna i norra Sverige. Resultaten visaratt ramverket effektivt fångar tjälprocesserna i jord genom att modelleraporositetsutveckling, fördelningen av is- och vattenhalter samttillhörande markdeformationer. Vidare möjliggörs analys av efterföljandeskadeutbredning i asfaltlagret. Ramverket utgör också ett värdefulltverktyg för att bedöma effektiviteten hos olika åtgärdsstrategier somsyftar till att mildra de skadliga effekterna av årliga markdeformationerorsakade av tjällyftning och tösättning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 95
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2548
Keywords
Asphalt pavements, Asphalt damage model, Frost heave, Thaw settlement., Asfaltbeläggningar, Skademodell för asfalt, Tjällyftning, Sättning vid upptining
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374330 (URN)978-91-8106-503-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-20, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Public video conference link [MISSING], Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, Grant No. TRV 2020/19896
Note

QC 20251218

Available from: 2025-12-18 Created: 2025-12-17 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved

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Vosoughian, SaeedBalieu, Romain

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