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Do Wind Turbines Govern?: Technological Artefacts and Technological Knowledge in the Rise and Globalization of Danish Wind Energy (1970 to the Present)
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Philosophy and History, History of Science, Technology and Environment. (SPHERE)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8222-5075
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Through the history of modern wind energy in Denmark, this article examines the entanglement between technology and governance. I argue that the development of modern wind energy in Denmark and the Danish wind industry’s later role in the global rise of wind energy were a result not just of human decisions. Instead, technological artefacts and technological knowledge played a crucial role as well. Wind turbines and technological knowledge of wind from the middle of the 20th century onwards became important nodes in the sociotechnical networks that revived wind energy. The Danish government was vital for the development, but crucial was also a bottom-up process. While applied science did play an important role, rules of thumb and other forms of technological knowledge based on craftsmanship gave Danish wind energy design an advantage compared to expensive and relatively unsuccessful wind energy research projects abroad especially in Germany and the US. In addition, the relatively small turbines from the 1970s to the 1990s lent themselves to cooperative ownership due to their particular material properties. Based on scholarship on Danish wind energy development and using approaches from the philosophy of technology and from STS, I show that in the emergence of wind energy as an aspect of global environmental governance, technological artefacts and practical forms of technological knowledge were crucial. While studies of global environmental governance often focus on international decisions made by experts in formally powerful positions, this article foregrounds technological material artefacts and technological knowledge and thus provides an alternative perspective on how global environmental governance materializes.

Keywords [en]
Wind energy, Denmark, environmental governance, rules of thumb
National Category
Technology and Environmental History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368634OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368634DiVA, id: diva2:1990025
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 787516
Note

QC 20250820

Available from: 2025-08-19 Created: 2025-08-19 Last updated: 2025-08-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Where the Wind Blows: Tracing Global Environmental Governance in Wind Energy Development in Denmark and Taiwan (1970s to the Present)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Where the Wind Blows: Tracing Global Environmental Governance in Wind Energy Development in Denmark and Taiwan (1970s to the Present)
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis provides a sample of the history of modern wind energy by focusing on two small countries: Denmark and Taiwan. Denmark was a pioneer of wind energy. In the Asia Pacific region outside of China, Taiwan is a first mover in the area of offshore wind. This is a history that traces wind energy from Denmark to Taiwan. Despite the geographical distance, there is a strong link between the two countries as the Danish wind industry was crucial for enabling Taiwan’s offshore wind development. The history is also global because wind technology in both countries enabled and was enabled by a dramatic rise of this energy source around the world. The thesis examines the history of wind energy in the light of the history of global environmental governance. Wind energy and global environmental governance have formed more or less during the same time period, especially since the 1970s and have both, at least metaphorically, been dramatically more present in still more areas of social life and of the world since the 2000s. Wind energy has largely been driven forward as an environmentally friendly energy source. Because of decentral characteristics and independence from input of fuel, wind energy, however, has also been promoted as a way of electrifying the countryside, as local empowerment, as a way to national independence. The thesis consists of four articles. The first article focuses on the history of wind energy in Denmark since its rediscovery in the 1970s and 80s. The article argues that technological artefacts and particular forms of technological knowledge played a key role in Denmark’s pioneering of wind energy. The second article traces wind energy from Denmark to Taiwan. It shows that the sociotechnical imaginaries of wind energy have changed over time, and that this has been co-produced with the technological change that wind energy has undergone, political and social changes, and the entry of this technology in new places and contexts. The third article examines offshore wind energy’s meeting with the Taiwanese White Dolphin. This meeting brings a fragmentation within environmentalism to the surface and challenges wind energy’s green image. The fourth article examines the activities of the business initiative RE100 with a focus on offshore wind in Taiwan. It shows that previously unthinkable actors are promoting wind energy.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling illustrerar vindkraftens moderna historia genom att sätta två små länder i fokus: Danmark och Taiwan. Danmark var en pionjär inom vindenergi, och utanför Kina i Asien-Stillahavsområdet är Taiwan första aktör vad gäller offshorevindkraft. Berättelsen spårar vindenergin från Danmark till Taiwan. Trots det stora geografiska avståndet finns en stark koppling mellan länderna: den danska vindindustrin var avgörande för att möjliggöra Taiwans utveckling av havsbaserad vindkraft. Historien är också global eftersom vindteknologi i båda länderna bidrog till och påverkades av den dramatiska globala ökningen av denna energikälla. Avhandlingen undersöker vindkraftens utveckling mot bakgrund av global miljöstyrnings historia. Vindenergi och global miljöstyrning har vuxit fram i ungefär samma tidsrymd, särskilt sedan 1970-talet, och har – åtminstone bildligt talat – varit betydligt mer närvarande i allt fler delar av samhället och världen sedan 2000-talet. Vindkraft har i hög grad drivits framåt som ett miljövänligt alternativ, men tack vare sina decentraliserade egenskaper och sitt oberoende av bränsletillförsel har den också framhållits som ett verktyg för landsbygdselektrifiering, lokal egenmakt och nationell självständighet. Avhandlingen består av fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. Den första artikeln kartlägger vindkraftens återuppvaknande i Danmark under 1970- och 80-talen och argumenterar för att specifika teknologiska artefakter och särskilda former av teknisk kunskap låg bakom Danmarks pionjärverksamhet. Den andra artikeln följer vindenergin export från Danmark till Taiwan och visar hur de sociotekniska föreställningarna om vindkraft utvecklats över tid i samspel med teknologiska innovationer, politiska och sociala omvälvningar samt teknikens inträde i nya miljöer. Den tredje artikeln undersöker hur taiwanesiska vita delfiner korsade vägar med offshorevindkraften – en konfrontation som blottlägger interna splittringar inom miljörörelsen och utmanar vindkraftens gröna image. Den fjärde artikeln analyserar affärsinitiativet RE100 med fokus på havsbaserad vindkraft i Taiwan och visar hur tidigare otänkbara aktörer nu aktivt främjar utbyggnaden av vindenergi. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 63
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2526
Keywords
wind energy, Denmark, Taiwan, sociotechnical imaginaries, global environmental governance, vindkraft, global miljöstyrning, Danmark, Taiwan, sociotekniska framtidsföreställningar
National Category
Technology and Environmental History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368700 (URN)978-91-8106-369-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-10, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26 and 28, KTH Campus, Public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63206599616, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
SPHERE
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 787516
Note

QC 20250822

Available from: 2025-08-22 Created: 2025-08-20 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved

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Schrøder, Thomas Harbøll

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