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Smart city control rooms and the rewiring of local governance landscapes in India
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9319-8364
Lund University.ORCID iD: /0000-0002-0688-9547
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0693-5355
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Smart city control rooms are prominent components of the smart city discourse. They embody a longstanding dream to visualize and manage multiple urban processes in real-time through the collation of dataflows. Previous research has produced important insights into the design, construction and operation of these facilities. However, this research has largely overlooked the fundamental changes to political and institutional conditions of the city that take place through the implementation of smart city control rooms. In this article, we examine how smart city control rooms are reconfiguring local governance landscapes in India through an in-depth case study of the city of Kochi. We apply the notion of the urban governance dispositif to Kochi’s control room in-the-making to characterize how the facility is co-created alongside a rewiring of the institutions, infrastructures, and imaginaries of urban local governance in the city. We demonstrate how, in this process, the smart city control room extends central government control and strengthens central and state government collaboration in urban local governance while legitimizing ICT companies as key actors of urban development. This study illustrates how smart city projects – even when technically stumbling – generate fundamental long-term implications to how cities are understood and managed.  

Keywords [en]
India; urban governance; dispositif; smart city; control rooms; institutions; infrastructures; imaginaries
National Category
Human Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369102OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369102DiVA, id: diva2:1992553
Note

In press at the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.

QC 20250903

Available from: 2025-08-27 Created: 2025-08-27 Last updated: 2025-09-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. From Chaos to Control (Rooms): Smart city governance and the re-wiring of technologies, expertise and organizations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From Chaos to Control (Rooms): Smart city governance and the re-wiring of technologies, expertise and organizations
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Smart cities represent a dominant urban development discourse advocating for the use of technology and data to enhance urban services, sustainability, and quality of life. This discourse aims to integrate systems like transport, energy, and communication through digital innovation, fostering efficient and livable cities. While early research emphasized the global diffusion of the smart city concept, and later studies examined “actually existing smart cities” in local contexts, there remains limited focus on national smart city programs and their role in shaping urban governance.

National smart city programs materially transform urban infrastructure through technologies such as sensors, mobile apps, and integrated urban control rooms. However, it has been established that these programs not only introduce new technological tools but also reorganize governance by creating new institutions and enabling the rise of technical experts within urban administration. Existing scholarship often isolates these dimensions of technology, expertise, or organization. In this thesis, I argue that they must be explored in their intertwined evolution within national smart city frameworks.

Using theoretical insights from science and technology studies, urban studies, and organization studies, the thesis asks: (1) How do national smart city programs generate new governance dispositifs through the deployment of new technologies? (2) How do national smart city programs introduce new technical experts into urban governance dispositifs? (3) How do new urban governance dispositifs created by national smart city programs result in organizational change in urban local governance?

These questions are addressed through a qualitative case study of India’s Smart Cities Mission, an exemplary case of a national smart city program. The study focuses on the development of integrated command and control centers (ICCCs) in Kochi and Vishakhapatnam, revealing how these control rooms - even as they fall short of achieving integrated and data-mediated governance - facilitate the incursion of the central government into urban local governance where they previous played little direct role while simultaneously enabling the emergence of information and communication technology (ICT) specialists as key urban governance actors. Using the concept of boundary work, the thesis then illustrates how these ICT specialists expand their epistemic authority into urban governance. Focusing on institutional and organizational changes to urban local governance through national smart city programs, the thesis unpacks how institutional logics associated with the smart city hybridize and conflict to shape new local governance organizations called smart city Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) in Kochi. Finally, the implementation of the smart city in Kochi is marked by persistent political contestation—challenging the depoliticized vision projected by smart city narratives.

Overall, the thesis demonstrates how national smart city programs have intertwined technological, political and organizational effects on urban local governance. For those interested in urban governance in India, this research demonstrates the long-term sociotechnical impacts of central government led urban development programs. Finally, for practitioners and policy makers, the thesis provides a deep dive into the impact of the Smart Cities Mission in Kochi.

Abstract [sv]

“Smart cities” representerar ett dominerande diskursivt inslag inomstadsutveckling, där man förespråkar användningen av teknik och data för attförbättra stadens tjänster, hållbarhet och livskvalitet. Målet är att integrerasystem såsom transport, energi och kommunikation genom digital innovation,för att skapa effektiva och attraktiva städer att leva i. Tidig forskning betonadefrämst den globala spridningen av det smarta stadskonceptet, medan senarestudier undersökte ”verkligt existerande smarta städer” i lokala sammanhang.Ändå finns det fortfarande ett begränsat fokus på nationella smartastadsprogram och deras roll i att forma stadsstyrning.

Nationella Smart Cities-program omformar den urbana infrastrukturen på ettmateriellt plan genom teknologier såsom sensorer, mobilappar och integreradeurbana kontrollrum. Det har dock fastställts att dessa program inte baraintroducerar nya teknologiska verktyg, utan även omorganiserarstadsstyrningen genom att skapa nya institutioner och möjliggöra framväxtenav tekniska experter inom den urbana förvaltningen. Existerande forskningtenderar ofta att behandla dessa dimensioner av teknologi, expertis ellerorganisation var för sig. I denna avhandling hävdar jag att de måste utforskas isin sammanvävda utveckling inom nationella smarta stadsramverk.

Med teoretiska insikter från teknik- och vetenskapsstudier (STS), urbanastudier och organisationsstudier ställer avhandlingen följande frågor:

(1) Hur skapar nationella smarta stadsprogram nya styrningsdispositiv genominförandet av ny teknik?

(2) Hur introducerar nationella smarta stadsprogram nya tekniska experter iurbana styrningsdispositiv?

(3) Hur leder nya styrningsdispositiv som skapas av nationella smartastadsprogram till organisatoriska förändringar i den lokala stadsstyrningen?

Dessa frågor besvaras genom en kvalitativ fallstudie av Indiens Smart CitiesMission, som utgör ett exemplariskt fall av ett nationellt smart stadsprogram.Studien fokuserar på utvecklingen av integrerade kommandocentraler (ICCC) iKochi och Vishakhapatnam, och visar hur dessa kontrollrum — även om deinte fullt ut uppnår integrerad och datadriven styrning — möjliggörcentralregeringens inträde i den lokala urbana styrningen, där den tidigarespelat en begränsad direkt roll. Samtidigt möjliggör de även framväxten avexperter inom informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) som centralaaktörer inom den urbana styrningen. Genom att använda begreppet boundarywork (gränsarbete), visar avhandlingen hur dessa IKT-specialister utvidgar sinepistemiska auktoritet inom den urbana styrningen. Genom att fokusera påinstitutionella och organisatoriska förändringar i den lokala urbana styrningengenom nationella smarta stadsprogram, visar avhandlingen hur institutionellalogiker kopplade till smarta städer hybridiseras och kolliderar — vilket formarnya lokala styrningsorganisationer, så kallade special purpose vehicles (SPV)för smarta städer i Kochi. Slutligen präglas implementeringen av den smartastaden i Kochi av ihållande politiska konflikter — som utmanar denavpolitiserade vision som ofta framhålls i det smarta stadsnarrativet.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen hur nationella smarta stadsprogramhar sammanflätade teknologiska, politiska och organisatoriska effekter pålokal urban styrning. För dem som är intresserade av urban styrning i Indienvisar forskningen de långsiktiga sociotekniska effekterna av centralregeringensstadsutvecklingsprogram. Slutligen erbjuder avhandlingen en djupgåendeanalys av Smart Cities Missions inverkan i Kochi, med särskild relevans förpraktiker och beslutsfattare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 114
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2528
Keywords
smart cities, institutional logics, organisations, local governance, urban governance, digitalisation, India; expertise; smart city control rooms; science and technology studies, Smart cities, Indiska, stadsstyrning, stadskontrollrum, expertis, organisationer
National Category
Human Geography
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369106 (URN)978-91-8106-378-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-26, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, Public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68550178129, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250901

Available from: 2025-09-01 Created: 2025-08-27 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved

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Prakash, DevikaMetzger, Jonathan

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