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Applying in silico ecotoxicity prediction for extensive datasets to support safer and more sustainable discovery chemistry
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology. (Per-Olof Syrén)ORCID iD: 0009-0008-0660-1102
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Coating Technology. (Per-Olof Syrén)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4066-2776
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Amide bonds are prevalent motifs in chemical products, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. In fact, roughly 40% of all pharmaceutical compounds contain an amide bond, and amide bond synthesis has been ranked as the second most important challenge in key green chemistry research areas by ACS Green Chemistry Institute. Amines and acids are used as precursors in common amidation approaches, e.g., thermal amidation and catalytic condensation. They are therefore highly abundant chemicals in the industry, and constitute an important case study to align the chemical industry with Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) procedures. The SSbD framework, introduced in 2022 by the European Commission, serves as a holistic and premarket approach by integrating safety and sustainability aspects into the design and development of chemicals and materials. SSbD considers the entire life cycle of a chemical or material and is an iterative process across the innovation pathway. As a premarket approach, it encourages the development and application of in silico tools, particularly in early innovation, for the identification of potential hazards. Still, whereas more sustainable synthesis of amides from amine and acid precursors has been emphasized, reliable toxicology predictions of them are essentially lacking, thus preventing SSbD from being reached. In this context, the previous study by Söderberg and co-workers assessed and filtered the human toxicity (carcinogenic, mutagenic, endocrine distribution, and reproductive toxicity) and environmental fate and exposure (biodegradation, persistence, and bioconcentrations in fish) of amines and acids that are available in the market, as well as their formed amides, using in silico approaches and tools. To support the filtering, a complete impact pathway assessment was conducted using USEtox 2.12, which included CTV and ECOSAR for human and ecotoxicity effect predictions and OPERA for fate-related properties. During the in silico filtering, the tens of thousands starting compounds were primarily screened on human toxicity, and it was revealed by the USEtox analysis that some compounds with high ecotoxicity impacts passed the in silico filtering, calling for the need of refining in silico screening and potentially method improvement. Moreover, many of the ecotoxicity predictions had high uncertainties. These results highlighted the need for a more detailed investigation into the reliability of ecotoxicity in silico tools. Here, we explore the application of available Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models, with a particular focus on ecotoxicity, to predict the ecotoxicity potential of basal amine and acid building blocks as well as the associated reliabilities. 

 

Keywords [en]
ecotoxicity, QSAR, SSbD
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Research subject
Chemistry; Sustainability studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369193OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369193DiVA, id: diva2:1993178
Note

QC 20250904

Available from: 2025-08-29 Created: 2025-08-29 Last updated: 2025-09-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Enzyme catalysis as a tool in building block synthesis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enzyme catalysis as a tool in building block synthesis
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Traditional production of chemicals often relies on the use of petroleum-based or toxic raw materials, harsh conditions, and suffers from inefficient reactions. Hence, improvements are needed to sustainably produce chemicals. Enzymes, nature’s catalysts, are a potential solution to some of these issues. They increase the rate of reactions under mild conditions with high substrate specificity. However, they often need to be modified to work in industrial settings. Efforts also need to be made to avoid toxic raw materials and the production of harmful products. This thesis aims to develop more sustainable methods for chemical synthesis by employing enzyme catalysis in an interdisciplinary approach. In paper I, chemoenzymatic methods were developed for the valorization and polymerization of a terpene by-product from the paper and pulp industry to create biobased plastics. Paper II explored biocatalytic amide bond formation. Robust ancestral enzymes with altered activities were designed using ancestral sequence reconstruction, a technique leveraging evolutionary information to predict ancestral protein sequences. The extant enzyme and the ancestral variants were used in the coupling of a set of safe substrates derived from an in silico toxicity filtering pipeline. Paper III investigated observed differences between the extant enzyme and one ancestor from paper II. Through computational simulations and enzyme mutant testing, plausible key residues responsible for the change were identified. A highly active ancestral mutant also demonstrated successful scaled-up synthesis with cofactor recycling. Lastly, in paper IV, ecotoxicity prediction models were applied to the substrate dataset from paper II. The predictions had low reliability, and ways to improve the reliability of ecotoxicity predictions were discussed. In summary, this thesis highlights alternative routes for more sustainable chemical synthesis and the potential of enzyme catalysis.

Abstract [sv]

Kemikalieproduktion är ofta beroende av petroleumbaserade eller giftiga råvaror, tuffa reaktionsförhållanden, och lider av ineffektiva reaktioner. Därför behövs det nya metoder för att kunna producera kemikalier mer hållbart. Enzymer, naturens egna katalysatorer, är en potentiell lösning till vissa av dessa problem. Enzymer ökar reaktionshastigheten under milda förhållanden med hög substratspecifictet, dock behöver de oftast modifieras för att fungera i industriella miljöer. Det behövs även göras insatser för att undvika användandet och skapandet av giftiga föreningar. Denna avhandlingen syftar till att utveckla mer hållbara metoder för kemisk syntes genom att tillämpa enzymkatalys i ett tvärvetenskapligt tillvägagångssätt. I artikel I utvecklades kemoenzymatiska metoder för valorisering och polymerisering av en terpenbiprodukt från pappers- och massaindustrin för skapandet av biobaserade plaster. I artikel II undersöktes biokatalytisk amidsyntes. Robusta förfädersenymer med förändrade aktiviteter skapades genom ancestral sekvensrekonstruktion, vilket är en teknik som använder evolutionär information för att förutspå förfäders proteinsekvenser. Det moderna enzymet och dess förfädersenzymer användes för att skapa amider från ett set säkra substrat framtagna från en toxicitetsfiltreringspipeline. Artikel III undersökte skillnader som observerades mellan det moderna enzymet och ett förfädersenzym från artikel II. Genom datorsimuleringar och testandet av enzymmutanter identifierades motiv troligt ansvariga för de observerade ändringarna. En högaktiv förfädersmutant kunde framgångsrikt tillämpas i en uppskalad reaktion med kofaktoråtervinning. I artikel IV tillämpades ekotoxicitet-prediktionsmodeller på datasetet av substrat från artikel II. Prediktionerna hade låg reliabilitet, och sätt för att förbättra detta diskuterades. Sammanfattningsvis, den här avhandlingen visar alternativa sätt för mer hållbar produktion av kemikalier samt potentialen hos enzymkatalys.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 73
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:24
Keywords
Enzyme catalysis, ancestral sequence reconstruction, amide bond synthesis, ATP-dependent amide bond synthetases, Enzymkatalys, ancestral sekvensrekonstruktion, amidsyntes, ATP-beroende amidbindningssyntetaser
National Category
Chemical Sciences Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Molecular Biology
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368906 (URN)978-91-8106-370-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65349554799, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 23, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250829

Available from: 2025-08-29 Created: 2025-08-22 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved

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