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Online Algorithms for Hierarchical Inference in Deep Learning applications at the Edge
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2739-5060
Edge Networks Group, IMDEA Networks Institute, Avda. del Mar Mediterraneo 22, 28918 Leganes (Madrid), Spain.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5127-8497
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6682-6559
2023 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We consider a resource-constrained Edge Device (ED), such as an IoT sensor or a microcontroller unit, embedded with a small-size ML model (S-ML) for a generic classification application and an Edge Server (ES) that hosts a large-size ML model (L-ML). Since the inference accuracy of S-ML is lower than that of the L-ML, offloading all the data samples to the ES results in high inference accuracy, but it defeats the purpose of embedding S-ML on the ED and deprives the benefits of reduced latency, bandwidth savings, and energy efficiency of doing local inference. In order to get the best out of both worlds, i.e., the benefits of doing inference on the ED and the benefits of doing inference on ES, we explore the idea of Hierarchical Inference (HI), wherein S-ML inference is only accepted when it is correct, otherwise the data sample is offloaded for L-ML inference. However, the ideal implementation of HI is infeasible as the correctness of the S-ML inference is not known to the ED. We propose an online meta-learning framework that the ED can use to predict the correctness of the S-ML inference. In particular, we propose to use the maximum softmax value output by S-ML for a data sample and decide whether to offload it or not. The resulting online learning problem turns out to be a Prediction with Expert Advice (PEA) problem with continuous expert space. We propose two different algorithms and prove sublinear regret bounds for them without any assumption on the smoothness of the loss function. We evaluate and benchmark the performance of the proposed algorithms for image classification application using four datasets, namely, Imagenette and Imagewoof, MNIST, and CIFAR-10. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023.
Keywords [en]
Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369817DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2304.00891OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369817DiVA, id: diva2:1997927
Note

QC 20250918

Available from: 2025-09-15 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2025-09-18Bibliographically approved

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Moothedath, Vishnu NarayananChampati, Jaya PrakashGross, James

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