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Modelling Accumulated Plastic Strain in Partially Saturated Sandy Subgrades: A Laboratory Investigation
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8597-5752
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4256-3034
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study investigates the accumulation of permanent deformation (PD) in sandy subgrades using multi-stage (MS) suction-controlled repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. Three sandy subgrade soils with varying fines content were tested under a range of moisture states to reflect seasonal field conditions. Two PD models were evaluated: the Rahman & Erlingsson model and a modified variant incorporating net mean stress and matric suction. The analysis revealed that suction/moisture conditions influenced PD accumulation primarily through their effect on resilient strain. The number of load cycles and stress levels significantly affected PD growth, with stress ratios (σd/σ3) above 1.5 leading to steady accumulation of plastic strain convergent to Shakedown Range B, across different soils. The enhanced model captured these dependencies using a generalizable term combining suction and stress state, offering comparable performance to the original model decoupling the influence of moisture state over one of the regression parameters and considering it in terms of its associated yielded suction. Overall, the results highlight the combined influence of stress path, moisture state, and material behaviour on PD, contributing to improved mechanistic-empirical pavement design.

Keywords [en]
Permanent deformation, suction-controlled RLT test, subgrades
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371040OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371040DiVA, id: diva2:2003278
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20251003

Available from: 2025-10-03 Created: 2025-10-03 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mechanical Characterisation of Unsaturated Sandy Subgrades Based on Suction-Controlled Repeated Load Triaxial Testing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanical Characterisation of Unsaturated Sandy Subgrades Based on Suction-Controlled Repeated Load Triaxial Testing
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Flexible pavements constitute the majority of the Swedish and global road networks. In Sweden, the asphalt bound layers are typically thin, making the pavement structure sensitive to seasonal variations that influence its mechanical response—from the asphalt bound layers to the unbound granular layers and the subgrade. The present research focuses on subgrade soils, which exhibit moisture-sensitive and stress-dependent behaviour, in some sense similar to the behaviour of the unbound granular layers. However, unlike the latter materials, the mechanical response of fine-grained soils is primarily controlled by matric suction, which binds particles together.

The objective of this study was to characterise how variations in moisture/suction and stress state affect the mechanical response of subgrade soils, and to develop predictive models that accurately represent these effects. Three sandy soils from southern Sweden—classified as a poorly graded sand and two silty sands (with fines ranging from 4–39%)—were tested under suction-controlled Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) tests.

The research integrates two complementary aspects of subgrade performance: resilient behaviour and permanent deformation. The resilient modulus (MR) results demonstrated that increased matric suction (lower moisture) leads to stiffer response, while the influence of deviatoric stress varied with soil type. Suction- and effective-stress-based models provided improved MR predictions, particularly for the finer soils. The permanent deformation (PD) analysis revealed that low matric suction (higher moisture content) significantly increased plastic strains, with silty sands showing greater resistance to deformation than the poorly graded sand across a range of possible moisture conditions.

For modelling the PD behaviour, the study linked the resilient and plastic responses under different stress conditions in a suction-controlled environment, providing a unified understanding of subgrade behaviour across seasonal moisture variations. A model was proposed to predict PD under unsaturated and near-saturation states, complementing the MR-predictive models and enhancing the mechanistic modelling of unsaturated sandy subgrades in pavement design applications.

Abstract [sv]

Flexibla vägbeläggningar utgör majoriteten av det svenska och globala vägnätet. I Sverige är de asfaltbundna lagren vanligtvis tunna, vilket gör vägbeläggningsstrukturen känslig för säsongsvariationer som påverkar dess mekaniska respons – från de asfaltbundna lagren till de obundna korniga lagren och terrasmaterialet. Denna forskning fokuserar på undergrunden (terrasmaterial), som uppvisar fuktkänsligt och spänningsberoende beteende, i viss mening liknande det hos de obundna korniga skikten. Till skillnad från de senare materialen styrs dock det mekaniska beteendet hos finkorniga jordar främst av sug (negativt porvattenyryck), som binder samman partiklarna.

Syftet med denna studie var att karakterisera hur variationer i fukt/sug och spänningstillstånd påverkar den mekaniska responsen hos undergrundsjord och att utveckla prediktiva modeller som korrekt återger dessa effekter. Tre sandjordar från södra Sverige – klassificerade som dåligt sorterad sand och två siltiga sandjordar (med finfraktioner mellan 4 och 39 %) – testades med sugkontrollerade triaxiala upprepade belastningstester (RLT). 

Forskningen integrerar två kompletterande aspekter av undergrundens prestanda: elastiskt beteende och permanent deformation. Resultaten för styvhetsmodul (MR) visade att ökad sugkraft (lägre fuktighet) leder till styvare respons, medan påverkan av deviatorisk spänning varierade beroende på jordtyp. Modeller baserade på sug och effektiv spänning gav förbättrade MR-prognoser, särskilt för finare jordar. Analysen av permanent deformation (PD) visade att låg sug (högre fuktinnehåll) ökade plastiska töjningar avsevärt, där siltig sand visade större motståndskraft mot deformation än sand med dålig kornfördelning under en rad möjliga fuktförhållanden.

För att modellera PD-beteendet kopplade studien samman de elastiska och plastiska responserna under olika spänningsförhållanden i en sugkontrollerad miljö, vilket gav en enhetlig förståelse av undergrundens beteende över säsongsmässiga fuktvariationer. En modell föreslogs för att förutsäga PD under omättade och nästan mättade tillstånd, vilket kompletterade MR-prediktiva modeller och förbättrade den mekanistiska modelleringen av omättade sandiga undergrunder i vägbeläggnings dimensionering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 74
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2537
Keywords
Subgrades, unsaturated soils, suction, resilient modulus, permanent deformation, cyclic triaxial, Terrasmaterial, omättade jord, suction, styvhetmodul, permanenta deformationer, cyclic treaxial
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371337 (URN)978-91-8106-413-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-07, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69642823274, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20251014

Available from: 2025-10-14 Created: 2025-10-08 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved

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C. Everton, José HErlingsson, Sigurdur

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