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Stereoselective noncanonical amino acid synthesis through α-amino C–H bond activation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Organic chemistry.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-2467-5338
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Organic chemistry.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Organic chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7249-7437
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Organic chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9617-9110
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) are indispensable tools for engineering peptide structure, function, and pharmacokinetics. Yet, direct, stereoselective access to these motifs from native amines remains limited. We present a unified, photoredox-driven approach for asymmetric α-amino C–H functionalization across various amines. By employing acridinium or decatungstate catalysis to produce α-amino radicals, followed by selective trapping with chiral N-sulfinyl imines, this method yields ncAAs with broad applicability, high yields, and excellent selectivity. The developed technology showcases versatility in ncAA synthesis through late-stage bioconjugation and auxiliary removal while maintaining full stereochemical integrity. The mechanism operates via an oxidation-deprotonation pathway with the acridinium catalyst or through a direct hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) or proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway using decatungstate.

Keywords [en]
amines, amino acids, C–H bond activation, photoredox catalysis, radicals
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372584OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372584DiVA, id: diva2:2012789
Note

QC 20251128

Available from: 2025-11-10 Created: 2025-11-10 Last updated: 2025-11-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Strategies in Photocatalysis for the Synthesis of Non-Canonical Amino Acids
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strategies in Photocatalysis for the Synthesis of Non-Canonical Amino Acids
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Visible-light photocatalysis has revolutionised synthetic chemistry by enabling the generation of reactive radical intermediates under mild conditions. Yet, the application of this strategy to the stereoselective synthesis of α-non-canonical amino acids (α-ncAAs) remains underdeveloped. This thesis explores photocatalysis as a general platform for constructing stereoenriched α-ncAAs by leveraging radical precursors derived from feedstock chemicals, radical activation modes, and coupling strategies.

Four complementary methodologies were developed to access α-amino acid derivatives from distinct starting materials. Deoxygenative C–O bond activation of oxalates derived from alcohols provides entry to alkyl radicals, while α-amino C–H functionalisation using both acridinium-based single-electron transfer and decatungstate-mediated hydrogen atom transfer delivered α-amino radicals and implemented these species into a C–C bond-forming transformation. A redox-neutral pathway was established for thioether activation, generating α-thioalkyl radicals directly from sulfides, and energy transfer catalysis was applied to oxime esters to forge quaternary α,α-disubstituted amino acids via radical–radical coupling.

Mechanistic studies, including quenching experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and computational investigations, elucidated the modes of radical generation and capture across these systems. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the mechanisms accessible via visible-light photocatalysis, such as single-electron, proton-coupled electron transfer, and energy transfer, can be used as strategies for the synthesis of amino acids. The resulting methodologies not only expand the synthetic repertoire of radical chemistry but also establish new mechanistic paradigms for the stereocontrolled formation of α-ncAAs under photochemical conditions.

Abstract [sv]

Fotokatalys med synligt ljus har revolutionerat den syntetiska kemin genom att möjliggöra genereringen av reaktiva radikalintermediärer under milda betingelser. Tillämpningen av denna strategi för stereoselektiv syntes av icke-kanoniska aminosyror är dock fortfarande begränsad, främst på grund av svårigheten att kontrollera intermediärer med oparade elektroner. Denna avhandling undersöker fotokatalys som en generell plattform för konstruktion av stereoanrikade icke-kanoniska aminosyror genom utvecklingen av nya radikalprekursorer, aktiveringsmoder och kopplingsstrategier.

Fyra kompletterande metoder har utvecklats för att erhålla α-aminosyraderivat från olika utgångsmaterial. Deoxygenerande C–O bindningsaktivering av oxalater härledda från alkoholer gav en modulär ingång till alkylradikaler, medan α-amino-C–H funktionalisering via akridiniumbaserad en-elektronöverföring eller volfram-medierad väteatomöverföring genererade α-aminoradikaler. En redox-neutral reaktionsväg etablerades för tioeteraktivering, vilket möjliggjorde bildning av α-tioalkylradikaler direkt från sulfider, och energiöverföringskatalys tillämpades på oximestrar för att framställa kvaternära α,α-disubstituerade aminosyror via radikal-radikalkoppling.

Mekanistiska studier, inklusive quenchningsförsök, cyklisk voltammetri och beräkningskemi, belyste mekanismerna för radikalbildning och efterföljande reaktioner i dessa system. Sammantaget visar resultaten att fotokatalys med synligt ljus kan förena en-elektronöverföring, proton-kopplad elektronöverföring och energiöverföringsprocesser i en sammanhängande strategi för syntes av aminosyror. De utvecklade metoderna utvidgar inte bara den syntetiska repertoaren inom radikalkemin, utan etablerar också nya mekanistiska paradigm för stereokontrollerad bildning av C–C bindningar under fotokemiska betingelser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 88
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 35
Keywords
visible-light photocatalysis, radical-mediated synthesis, non-canonical amino acids, stereoselective synthesis, radical–radical coupling
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372587 (URN)978-91-8106-458-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-11, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-11-17

Embargo t.o.m. 2026-12-11 godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2025-11-16.

Available from: 2025-11-17 Created: 2025-11-14 Last updated: 2025-11-17Bibliographically approved

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Alvey, Gregory R.Kusch, Lucas M. P.Shatskiy, AndreyStepanova, Elena VKalkuhl, TillDinér, PeterKärkäs, Markus D.

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Alvey, Gregory R.Kusch, Lucas M. P.Shatskiy, AndreyStepanova, Elena VSchepp, MoritzKalkuhl, TillBormetti, MarcoLee, ChangWåhlin, LudwigDinér, PeterKärkäs, Markus D.
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