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Classifying Vertical and General-Purpose Technologies: A case of Property Technology
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-5454-5459
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Business and Financial Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7559-4761
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

What are Vertical Technologies (VTs), and how do they differ from General-Purpose Technologies (GPTs)? Despite a well-established literature, emerging digital technologies and new vertical markets require reconsidering this question with more explicit theorization and categorization. We define VTs as industry-originated technologies and tailored GPTs, comprising hardware, software, and integrated systems designed to address the unique demands and processes of a vertical industry. We introduce a typology of GPTs and VTs and explore their relationships, with a focus on understanding technology and context. We apply this framework to Property Technology (PropTech), a concept similar to FinTech but focused on real estate, and define PropTech as both a concept and a distinct phenomenon. These clarifications support more precise identification of technologies and markets, enhancing decision-making—a common challenge for practitioners and academics working with technology and industry classifications.

Keywords [en]
General-purpose Technology; Property Technology; Innovation; Digital Technology; Real Estate; Vertical Technology
National Category
Business Administration Economics
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373111OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-373111DiVA, id: diva2:2014820
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2023-00095
Note

QC 20251124

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. PropTech and Business Model Compatibility in Real Estate Sector
Open this publication in new window or tab >>PropTech and Business Model Compatibility in Real Estate Sector
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Property Technology (PropTech), a term similar to FinTech, has emerged as a key focus of industry and academic discussions in recent years. This dissertation examines how PropTech firms and the commercial real estate (CRE) sector generate value through digital technologies and yet often struggle to capture it. The research pursues two interconnected objectives: (1) to define PropTech and develop a typology for understanding PropTech by distinguishing it as a Vertical Technology (VT), and (2) to analyze why the value created by PropTech is often overseen or unmonetized within the CRE industry. Objective 1 addresses the lack of clarity around what PropTech is and how it relates to broader technology development. To that end, the dissertation distinguishes General-Purpose Technologies (GPTs)—such as AI, IoT, and Blockchain—from Vertical Technologies, which are sector-specific adaptations of GPTs tailored to the needs, processes, and constraints of a particular industry. PropTech is defined as “a vertical digital technology that integrates hardware, software, and integrated systems to meet the unique demands of the real estate sector”. This definition clarifies the technological scope of PropTech and provides a foundation for the second objective. Objective 2 examines value capture challenges in CRE. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from PropTech firms, real estate companies, and industry firms in Sweden, as well as a descriptive analysis of a dataset of 2549 PropTech companies globally. Drawing on a combined path dependency and BM framework, the findings show that while PropTech creates operational and experiential value, this value often remains uncaptured due to the industrial mechanisms in CRE. Specifically, value capture is constrained by the sector’s physical legacy, outdated valuation models, and the hidden costs of building absorptive capacity and organizational learning rather than the technology itself. Taken together, the two studies offer complementary perspectives. The first clarifies what PropTech is and how it connects to broader trajectories of technological development. The second reveals why much potential of PropTech remains unrealized in practice. By linking these insights, the thesis shows how conceptual ambiguity and institutional path dependency jointly constrain the digital transformation of the CRE sector.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker hur PropTech-företag och den kommersiella fastighetssektorn (CRE) skapar värden med digitala teknologier men sedan misslyckas med att fånga detta värde. Fokus ligger på det framväxande området Property Technology (PropTech). Forskningen har två sammanlänkade fokusområden: (1) att utveckla en typologi för att förstå PropTech genom att särskilja det som en vertikal teknologi (VT), och (2) att analysera varför det värde som skapas av PropTech ofta förbises eller inte kapitaliseras inom CRE-industrin. Första fokuset behandlar bristen på tydlighet kring vad PropTech är och hur det förhåller sig till bredare teknikutveckling. Avhandlingen skiljer därför mellan generella teknologier (General-Purpose Technologies, GPTs) – såsom AI, IoT och Blockchain – och vertikala teknologier, som är sektorsspecifika anpassningar av GPTs utformade efter en viss industris behov, processer och begränsningar. PropTech definieras som en vertikal digital teknologi som integrerar hårdvara, mjukvara och system för att möta fastighetssektorns unika krav. Denna definition klargör PropTechs teknologiska omfattning och lägger grunden för det andra målet. Andra fokuset undersöker utmaningar kring värdefångst i CRE. Studien använder en kombinerad metodansats, inklusive semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer från PropTech-företag, fastighetsbolag och branschen samt en deskriptiv analys av en global databas med cirka 2549 PropTech-bolag. Med ett path dependency-perspektiv visar resultaten att även om PropTech skapar operativa, upplevelsebaserade och datadrivna värden, förblir dessa ofta orealiserade på grund av industriella mekanismer i CRE. Värdefångsten begränsas särskilt av sektorns fysiska arv, föråldrade värderingsmodeller och de dolda kostnaderna för att bygga upp absorptionsförmåga och organisatoriskt lärande snarare än tekniken i sig.Tillsammans erbjuder dessa två studierna kompletterande perspektiv. Första perspektivet klargör vad PropTech är och positionerar till bredare tekniska utvecklingen. Det andra perspektivet förklarar varför en stor del av PropTechs potential förblir oanvänd i praktiken. Genom att länka samman dessa insikter visar avhandlingen hur definition oklarhet och institutionell tröghet tillsammans begränsar den digitala transformationen inom den kommersiella fastighetssektorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 41
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2546
Keywords
Property Technology, PropTech, Business Model Innovation, Valuation Model, Digital Transformation, Digitalization, Commercial Real Estate, Smart Buildings, Property Technology, PropTech, Affärsmodellsinnovation, Värderingsmodell, Digital transformation, Smarta Byggnader
National Category
Business Administration Civil Engineering
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373105 (URN)978-91-8106-489-6 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-12-12, Salongen, Osquars Backe 31, KTH Campus, Public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69682633643, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2023-00095
Note

QC 20251121

Available from: 2025-11-21 Created: 2025-11-21 Last updated: 2025-12-11Bibliographically approved

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Dang, Thi Xuan LoiVigren, Olli

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