Cooperative learning refers to teaching methods that encourage students to work together in small groups to help each other learn educational content. In Sweden, cooperative learning methods are used in classrooms as an educational approach to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. This thesis investigates how lighting can support cooperative learning in Swedish classrooms to enhance students' learning performance while taking into account visual tasks during different pedagogical activities and visual comfort. To answer this question, the existing lighting of a middle school classroom in Iggesund Skola, Sweden, was studied through a methodology based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. Analysis of literature review, personal observations and interviews, measurements of illuminance, luminance, and color metrics, and 3D simulations formed the foundation of the lighting design proposal for the refurbishment of classrooms.The results show that the lighting requirements of students and teachers have changed with time. To include cooperative learning methods, the users ask for a changeable lighting solution that can work with their flexible learning method. Hence, the design proposal focuses on enhancing students' learning performance while emphasizing the flexibility of their learning method.

This master’s thesis aims to draw the attention of Ahmedabad's residents and visitors to the city's historic centre at night. The research focuses on developing a lighting solution for Bhadra Fort, a prominent landmark in Old Ahmedabad City that is overshadowed by the bright lights of the surrounding market and the lack of proper illumination at the fort itself. By illuminating the fort, it will be highlighted as a landmark during nighttime, thereby promoting night tourism. The proposed plan includes extending visiting hours to the fort, to allow closer observation of its architecture. Through descriptive-analytical methods and interviews with local vendors and stakeholders, the study examined the fort's history, neighborhood, and current lighting conditions. To support the development of an effective lighting strategy, two case studies of heritage lighting in other Indian forts were analyzed. The proposed lighting design for the main entrance and front elevation of the fort aims to integrate it into the urban landscape and boost the economic growth of nearby businesses. By enhancing the visibility and attractiveness of the fort at night, this project seeks to revitalize the area and support local vendors, creating a vibrant nocturnal destination for both residents and tourists.

The report Stockholm city’s regional biking plan presents information of a continuously rising numbers ofcyclists in central Stockholm. However, the central parts of Stockholm have not now, or in the near future,the capacity or structure to provide a functional as well as safe traffic situation, especially for cyclists. Theincreasing demand from traffic of the commuter street network in central Stockholm make the 6 km longunderground maintenance tunnel along the newly build Citybanan commuter train tracks a possible andinteresting alternative for safe, fast and easy bicycle travelling underneath Stockholm. The tunnel stretchesfrom Fatbursparken to Tomteboda, with exits/entrances along the route in central parts of Stockholm[Fig 1.]There are several examples in the world where former car, train and maintenance tunnels are used as bikingtunnels. The longest existing example is the Croix Rousse tunnel in Lyon, France (2013). A 1,3 km longtunnel with separate lanes for cyclists, pedestrians and commuter busses, which also functions as anevacuation tunnel to the parallel car tunnel. Another example is the Lugaritz-Morland bicycle tunnel in thecity of San Sebastian, Spain (2009), which is a former railway tunnel (850 metres) that connects twoneighbourhoods in the city.The specific conditions a tunnel have with no daylight and limited access, give the lighting designer theimportant task to shape the space using light.Light is the factor that makes us see the world, our visual ability is depending on the light. Light has theability to reveal and transform the character of a space and influence how the observer experiences thesituation, both physically (by vision) and psychologically (emotional experiences as comfort and feeling ofsafety). Therefore a good visual condition in public space, traffic as well as enclosed spaces like tunnels, arevery important and a basic need for humans in the city.The aim with this thesis was to develop a lighting strategy and proposal for the maintenance tunnel ofCitybanan in Stockholm, based on literature and case studies research, a full-scale light observation by areference group in a tunnel context as well as research by questionnaires. The primary purpose of the fullscalelight study was to confirm literature research hypotheses about the importance of light distributionand experienced spatial atmosphere in relation to psychological effects, as well as the importance of lightgiving information. Findings confirm and shows that light distribution have a great impact on how theobservers experience the space visually, as well as emotionally. Findings also show that light can influencepeople’s behaviour to intuitively slow down or be alert. Further this thesis results show that giving a spaceit’s own identity by collaboration between light, colour and architectural elements have a great impact onthe psychological experiences of a space regarding safety, comfort and social interaction, crucial factors in atunnel environment for cyclists.The thesis results in a concept presented in the Proposal chapter, based on design principles and a lightingstrategy where a combination of light typologies is used to create a human centred and comfortableenvironment. Light is used as guiding element and for spatial understanding to create comfort and supportsocial interaction. In addition the concept includes a theme used as inspiration in the lighting strategy tocreate a connection on a human scale between the cyclist and the space. The theme is based on a commonpreference of the reference group, as well as my personal, for the ideal dream biking environment;In the nature. Experiencing for example the variation of light filtered through the leaves, the sunset and theabsence of traffic.The aim with the proposal is to transform the tunnel to an attractive bicycle route for daily cyclists inStockholm, as well as being an interesting tourist attraction.- A large underground landmark and art piece stretching under the city of Stockholm.

Studies suggest that diversity is advantageous to group work. As lighting design teams become increasingly diverse, there is an increased opportunity for innovation as well as miscommunication. In an effort to improve communication and inter-team empathy, this master’s thesis explores the implications of gender on the architectural lighting design collaborative team. 

Based on previous research, a survey was conducted of architectural lighting designers of any gender located in the US.

This thesis concludes that a gap exists in the gendered perceptions among colleagues in a lighting design environment. In addition, it cannot be assumed that tendencies seen in the general public are representative of architectural lighting designers. This research culminates in the conclusion that increased diversity within teams strengthens and supports design problem solving, in line with previous work done on this topic.

This thesis aims to analyze the “tension” in video games by using an experiment-based practical approach. It examines different lighting conditions and how people perceive them in virtual environments. “Flow Theory”  and “Circumplex Model” are used as theoretical frameworks to define the term tension and serve as the basis of the experiment. For the experiment, a scene is created primarily inspired by the video game Resident Evil: Village. Different lighting conditions are applied to the scene in order to understand how lighting qualities can invoke various emotions in the context of tension. A survey is conducted on people with diverse backgrounds to observe their reactions and understand their perception  of their surroundings. 

How do we humans feel the light? Is there a correspondance between our inner feelings and emotions and the outer space that surrounds us? Are we aware/conscious of it? Which personal meanings-values and emotions arise in us and how we consequently link them to a certain light-environment Atmosphere (indoor and outdoor) lit by natural or artificial light? Driven by these questions, this thesis will investigate via a visual qualitative experiment driven among photography amateurs, how their emotional sensibility is deeply bonded with light and how this emotional atmosphere is felt and portrayed throughout the day. A collection of two pictures per day, for one week, in the morning and in the evening will be firstly analyzed under the lens of each singular participant’s emotional sensibility, and then collectively grouped into common lighting Atmospheres. The wide and colorful spectrum of the possible combinations between light and emotions investigated in this research shows the richness and the complexity of the human sensibility towards light, and raise awareness in consider these intangible human factors as essential in the lighting process.

The refugee problem is growing everywherearound the world, due to the continuous discriminationfor people in their countries. Palestinians whofled to Jordan had no choice but to build their homesby themselves, and after some time, it formed whatis known as informal refugee camps, that are neglectedby Jordanian government and NGO organizations.The informal camps characterized by a highdensity of buildings, Poor infrastructure, the spreadof crime, and lack to a basic need in an urban area,(access to water, education and street lighting).The main motive of this study is to evaluate outdoorlighting in the pedestrian area on a selected site inJabal al Natheef, using qualitative and quantitativeapproaches, and propose lighting design guidelinesthat ensure social, economic and environmental sustainability

This thesis investigates how the lighting in Swedish preschools can be improved by adding the layered lighting principles of Richard Kelly. It addresses the questions: which lighting principles should be used to support activities and create zones in preschools, and how Richard Kelly’s lighting principles can be used as a method for varied lighting in Swedish preschools. 

The research methodology consists of a study visit where the lighting was subjectively evaluated, interviews with the preschool teachers working there, and a review of relevant literature on preschool lighting and Kelly’s principles. 

It is found that current preschools often have monotonous lighting, lacking contrast and directional light to highlight specific areas. The teachers expressed a need for flexible lighting to support different activities. 

The thesis presents a list of lighting principles and characteristics that can be used as a tool when selecting new luminaires in preschools to achieve better lighting. By integrating Kelly’s principles, this research proposes lightning solutions that creates a more spatial zoning as well as makes the lighting more flexible and usable with different types of lighting. 

Sustainableefficient lighting is becoming seen as one of the mostimportant issues in the office environment In Sweden, energydemandfor lighting corresponds to 20 of the total electricity use in officebuildings 31 while lighting form on average 33 1 of the electricityconsumption in UK office buildingsThisthesis investigate how to make lighting in offices more sustainableand focus on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelinesrelated to light source technologies lighting control systems and the userbehavior then apply those guidelines to an existing office throughsuggesting a new lighting designTheexisting office in this case is the ÅF company 10 th office floor locatedin Stockholm SwedenThisinvestigation methodology consist of 2 main parts literature review andProject ( study At the first part, methods used are a combination ofliterature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lightingand how light source technology lighting control systems and the effect ofuser behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systemsAtthe second part, methods used in the Project study analyzed throughqualitative methods through surveys in addition to quantitative methodthrough and personal observations The used methods helped to createguidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floorpartTheResults shows that the new suggested lighting design saved up to31 96 than the current lighting situation3

Sustainable efficient lighting has become as one of the most important issues in the office environment In Sweden, energy demand for lighting corresponds to 20% of the total electricity used in office buildings (1), while It has been estimated that lighting accounts for about 20% of the total power generation of the world (2).

This thesis investigates how to make lighting in offices more sustainable and focuses on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelines related to light source technologies, lighting control systems and the user preferences. Then those guidelines are applied to an existing office through suggesting a new lighting design.

The existing office in this case is the ÅF company 10th office floor located in Stockholm, Sweden. This investigation methodology consists of two main parts literature review and Project (case) study.

In the first part, methods used are a combination of literature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lighting and how light source technology, lighting control systems and the effect of user behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systems.

In the second part, the methods are qualitative such as surveys, quantitative methods and personal observations.

The used methods helped to create guidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floor part. The Results shows that the new suggested lighting design saves energy up to 31.96% more than the current lighting situation.

Adaptive reuse architecture is a multi-layered concept that tackles history, materials, memories, and structural concerns since it handles reusing an existing building and adapting a new function. Highlighting and preserving the characteristics of the old structure or revealing its muddied elements are important considerations for this architecture through its different categories of adaptive reuse methods. In this notion, daylight becomes a critical element to indicate the architectural design thinking of the past and emphasize it with interventions. The thesis aims to explore the impact of daylight transformation on the interior in adaptive reuse architecture by evaluating the architectural intentions and interventions. It is an investigation through literature review, analysis of reference projects, a case study and an experiment for a real case project Ångdomen, a flexible study room at KTH Main Library. Based on the theoretical investigation and the experiment conducted in the thesis, it is determined that daylight can be used as a tool to highlight the old building’s value in adaptive reuse projects through their transformations and impact the spatial perception. Most of the responses to the survey and the subjective observations conclude that daylight impacts spatial perception through the openings of architecture even when it doesn’t provide high brightness values.

As much as we thought about artificial lighting in planning of our urban nightscape, it is necessary to balance it with consideration regarding darkness. In response to the problems caused by artificial lighting; such as light pollution and disruption to human circadian rhythm, darkness should be seen as a value that brings balance for the environment. There are nine values of darkness in urban illumination; efficiency, sustainable, ecology, healthiness, happiness, connects to nature, stellar visibility, heritage & tradition, wonder & beauty (Stone, 2019). In Designing for Darkness, Stone (2019) described three concepts to bring darkness into urban illumination design; Incremental Darkening, Environmentally Responsive Lighting, and Urban (Dark) Acupuncture. Urban Acupuncture is an effort to revitalize area and its surroundings through intervention in the strategic key point. (Leiner, 2014). In terms of urban lighting, the concept of Urban (Dark) Acupuncture described as an attempt to accentuate a strategic location in a city with darkness (Stone, 2019). This master thesis aims to apply the Urban (Dark) Acupuncture concept into a conceptual lighting design proposal for Sudirman Street, Jakarta. Functioned as a Central Business District of Jakarta, Sudirman Street is considered as a strategic key point for the intervention. The design proposal will be focusing on pedestrian facility of the street, and final result will be evaluated by the user. Keywords: Urban Lighting, Urban Acupuncture, Light Pollution, Darkness 

The present paper summarises tendencies related to research in lighting for school environments from 1980 to 2020. Methods and tools used to evaluate and analyse both daylight and electric lighting are presented. The studies in this literature review were grouped in four decades and are presented chronologically. The review suggests a shift from on-site evaluations in the early decades, both when using qualitative and quantitative research methods, to software-based research and analysis in more recent studies. during the past decade, there appears to be a general increase in both software and user-based techniques for evaluation and design of educational spaces. However, it is interesting that the lighting layout in classrooms does not show significant changes during the four decades since it follows the same grid pattern regardless of the changes in architectural, design and teaching tendencies.

This paper explores the use of participatory methods prior to designing interventions within a research project at a primary school in central Sweden. The approach presented in the paper is based on the principles of participatory design (PD), to enhance the use of these methods within the areas of educational research (ER), lighting, and architecture. This approach aims to include participants of educational spaces and incorporate their views prior to design interventions. Two workshops were designed to support teachers' participation through hands-on activities. Twenty-eight teachers participated in the workshops. Scale models corresponding to two of the school's classrooms were used to initiate discussions regarding the interconnection between spatial layouts, lighting, and learning activities. The workshops' data collection analysis assisted the research group in understanding the school's spatial and learning characteristics. The information gathered from the workshops provided additional knowledge and informed the research project in a way that allowed for further development and changes within the project related to the additional variables measured along with light. According to the analysis, there is a correlation between the activity and the desired layout of the space, while the type of equipment also varies according to the task. 

This study explores how lighting can be employed as a visual language to enhance communication between the space and its users and develop a design framework for educational spaces. A primary school is used as a case study to apply the proposed design framework. The study focuses on lighting interventions in existing educational spaces to support daily schedules and transitions between activities. In this context, electric light is used as an indicator, highlighting the daily schedule and activities in the space. A theoretical approach is used as a foundation for establishing the design framework that leads to lighting proposals based on the specific spatial characteristics of each study. The outcome is a design solution based on the dominant spatial elements that define the space’s identity and function. The study focuses on educational spaces and lighting for peripheral vision while considering pupils’ visual and spatial development. The proposal has the role of an additional light layer that signals transitions in terms of activities or spatial mobility.

Light is the foundation of the visual perceptual process that initiates the evaluation of the surrounding area. Linked to various aspects and rhythms of the body, light connects us to both the natural environment and the interior space. The process of perceiving and assessing space for children and adults with different viewing heights and viewing perspectives as well as the role of light to facilitate this are the key elements of this study. The paper describes general lighting design strategies for kindergartens, specifically developed to create an environment that takes into account the children’s scale and cognitive processes. The objective was to discuss environments that support the child’s spatial perception along with shape and object recognition by means of lighting design, for example by creating distinct, well-placed shadows. The proposed strategies are informed by a literature review on the concepts and interrelations of light, human physiology and the perception of scale and space. In addition, our process also included visits to kindergartens to observe and analyse existing lighting as well as the use of simulation programs to test lighting scenarios and their patterns/distribution of light and shadow. The outcome described in this paper is a proposal and strategy to take into account children’s vantage points when designing lighting in kindergartens that is still open to practical interpretations in real-world sites.

This research paper is discussing light, and brightness in particular, in terms of perception, taking Odenplan as a case study.Some links between light characteristics and behaviour patterns, such as lingering, have been made, raising the discussion about the qualities of the artificial lighting that would add to convivial urban spaces at nighttime, attempting at differentiating between how people think they would behave and how they actually behave in a public square, and the impact of artificial lighting on public tendencies, suggesting if people feel comfortable and safe in the space, then they tend to perceive the space brighter. The research has shown that it is hard to draw conclusions when it comes to perceived qualities of light. Different research methods have been used with the intention of suggesting a methodology to be explored by others, including literature review, empirical study, informal interviews and word association survey.

Glass curtain walls (GCWs) are favored in building construction for their significant daylight provision, yet they present complexities such as heat flow and visual discomfort. In libraries, the integration of artificial light with daylight further complicates matters, diminishing daylight’s energy-saving potential. This arises questions if maximizing daylight in libraries contribute to energy savings, or even if the adoption of GCWs in libraries is truly a sustainable choice. This paper examines a GCW study space in KTH library, Stockholm, Sweden, to address these questions and understand how Nordic users perceive GCWs in libraries. The study involves on-site user interviews and surveys correlated with illuminance levels to validate subjective perceptions. Based on the findings, adjustments are proposed to achieve a balance between reducing energy consumption and increasing user visual comfort and mood through daylight and artificial light integration. Results indicate that Nordic users appreciate GCWs in libraries primarily for their daylight provision. Despite complexities, GCWs are viewed as sustainable especially when this balance is maintained.

This thesis investigates the photometric, colorimetric, and melanopic propertiesof 60*60 LED panels, comparing these properties with subjective visual ratingsto understand their impact on human comfort and well-being. These panels arewidely used in indoor lighting environments, particularly in office, commercial, andeducational spaces due to their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The study evaluatesvarious photometric and colorimetric properties alongside melanopic impacts likecircadian rhythm influence, using both objective measurements and subjectiveevaluations. Experimental setups were conducted in a controlled room calledLifi room, at Signify’s office in Stockholm and the study systematically comparesthe performance of different luminaires with polystyrene and polycarbonate optics.Results indicate significant variations in luminance and glare which are crucial forvisual comfort, with melanopic parameters suggesting that these lights can effectivelysupport circadian health at daytime. This comprehensive analysis not only advancesour understanding of LED lighting’s effects on human health and productivity butalso highlights the importance of integrating scientific measurements with subjectiveperceptions to enhance indoor lighting design.

“Light memories” are visual episodic memories of a lighting composition that transcendedan emotional response. The study considers the memories and how they could be a wayto integrate users in the design process. Both designs and memories are considered twosubjective elements, for both designers and users. The purpose of the thesis is to firstly testif there are common light memories for users that share the same specifics of the cultureassociated to the availability of daylight and secondly to explore the possibility of creatinga design method to incorporate this light memory as a design tool, to recreate the similaremotional response of the memory in a newly designed setting.

Two street typologies in Egypt were chosen to be the visual memories to be assessed. Apersonal daylight analysis was conducted to understand the designer’s perspective. And avirtual reality experiment was conducted along with descriptive questionnaire to understandthe emotional response of users to these streets. A comparison of the designer and usersresults helped in the creation of a scheme for design. The proposed method suggests theusage of perceptual tools such as the light distribution and contrast ratios and proposesthe analysis of the memory in terms of scales. The method is applied in the creation of twoexperiential models that abstract the essence of the light memories and puts them intoquestion for subjects to evaluate. The emotional response of users is recorded to evaluatethe method application.

Based on the tests it was found that the existing of a common memory is possible. Theevaluation of the specific street memory through the experiential model results show that ahigh percentage among the users sharing the same daylight culture recognized the streets.Although most users had the same emotional responses to the models, but the agreementon the emotional percentage amongst them was lower than the recognition results.This indicates that the memory could be integrated into the design process but wouldn’tnecessarily have the same emotional impact on users. Having a strict design methodology isdifficult to implement yet could be an eye opener for ways to use the light memories.

The main focus of this work is the relationship between person and object. My initial hypothesis was that people are “creators of meaning”. It is one of our basic cognitive functions. We all need an understandable motivation to comprehend, consider and experience the everyday-life environment around us. We have all experienced a special connection with items that we own. This is also true for the subject of my analysis: luminaries. Light is the main protagonist of our life. Besides the obvious role in making us see the world around us, it has a major impact on modifying our feelings. Following deep literature research, I proposed to a selected group of volunteers a questionnaire to answer a concise but complex question: why we consider a special object that we care about. Despite this topic has been broadly analyzed in the field, it is my opinion that there is a lack of understanding about the influence that objects have on attachment bonds.  The purpose of my analysis was to understand what would make a person holding on to a lamp for all of his/her life and maybe giving it as an heirloom further on in the family. A variety of aspects related to the concept of bonding to a specific object have been identified: time, value to the person, love and care, irreplaceability, person-object interactions, an extension of self-identity, and emotions. In general, as a conclusion from my survey, I have identified three main aspects important for the person-luminaire bond:- the features of the person itself - the characteristic of a lamp in its duality - the relation bond between the two In general, people are focusing more broadly on the effect and the atmosphere created by the luminaire in the house and I can conclude that the connection is created through an important association between the psychological momentum and the home environment where they are immersed into. I finally proposed a guideline applicable to future design projects and to define the most important characteristics that an object should have to bond with a person for life.In future perspectives, an obvious implication would be to rethink our approach to design and drive professionals towards customer-oriented needs and expectations to extend the life cycle of products. 

This thesis focuses on creating an interactive installation as immersive experience for hearing-impaired user. To date, little research has been conducted especially on interactive (sound) installation for impaired visitors, particularly these visitors with hearing impairments or who are hard-of hearing. Based on literature research and a case study, a new lighting design proposal was developed for Soundforest, an interactive musical installation at Scenkonstmuseet in Stockholm, Sweden. The audio-experience is enhanced ambient lighting, which alters in brightness depending on the interaction of visitors. For evaluation, a prototype was set up in the installation space and tested by one participant. The first testing leads to the assumption that the additional layer of ambient lighting can enhance the emotional experience of the visitors. The results show that the test person had great pleasure in interacting with the prototype. Still, to develop a full picture of the consequences and emotional effects, additional research is required.

This thesis report deals with the meaning of dynamics in lighting in context of the current state oflighting technology and how certain aspects of those can be applied to a specific space.Former studies discovered that biophilic aspects in design can create great benefits for the usersof a space. Natural elements is what we humans most affiliate to. Based on those findings I implementedaspects of dynamics in lighting into my design proposal assuming to be able to give theusers of the MIDDLA space benefit by recreating some degree of ‘virtual biophilia’.MIDDLA is the laboratory of the Media Technology and Interaction Design department of KTH.Characteristics of these facilities are unique as it is located in the attic floor of the oldest buildingon campus which is rather restricted in terms of daylighting and room clearance. Focus is put onthe corridor to evolve into an extension of the laboratory itself as a study area.Future post-occupancy research could be worthwhile of being conducted in combination with furtherdevelopment of the lighting design.

Information processing differences between foveal and peripheral vision allow for different perceptual experiences and emotional responses. A lighting set-up was used to test the spatial perception and emotional state of 14 participants with the use of foveal and peripheral vision in a photograph and immersive environment respectively.  The space was associated with high levels of tension, inspiration, and alertness and was regarded as being more spacious, with higher light intensity, and more uniform lighting distribution when perceived with peripheral vision. 

In Gaza, daily blackouts have lasted for over eleven years. Until recently, Palestinian families have received only four hours of power each day. Since Israel’s withdrawal from the region in 2005, the political discourse around the Right of Return has forced refugees to live in terrible conditions and darkness. The fear was that any transformation of the camps will bring about an integration of the refugee community with the local environment and thus any improvements to Gaza’s infrastructure and housing was seen as a direct erosion of the Right of Return. Can bringing light to Gaza transcend this boundary of temporality and restore hope to this impoverished community? With recent solar lighting ideas emerging to help solve Gaza’s energy shortage by solar energy companies such as SunBox and LittleSun, I plan to develop a solar urban lighting project for Gaza’s smallest refugee camp - Deir al-Balah (DEB) - to help improve security at night for residents and provide the community with opportunities to socialise in public common areas. In response to an ‘Improvement Plan’ conducted by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in 2017, which identifies DEB camp’s limited access to electricity and street lighting, I’d like to explore how a solar and ecologically-sensitive lighting programs can improve Gazan’s daily lives, by bringing clean, reliable and affordable energy access. 

We are living in a changing time where a living democracy and sustainable development is more important than ever. Factors such as urbanization, technological development and migration is creating new needs for us as a society which has to be considered when designing for a sustainable future. The Swedish policy ”Politik för gestaltad livsmiljö” (Policy for a designed urban environment), is suggesting a new way to work with sustainability, design and architecture in our urban environment. The policy is mentioning a lot of factors that should be considered in the design of a socially sustainable urban environment but it is lacking a clear guidance on how to achieve it. For lighting designers it might be hard to know how to work consciously with these factors. The different factors needs to be put in to a lighting design context to bring clearness to the matter. This thesis had the intention to summarize the new policy and create guidelines regarding socially sustainable lighting design of public spaces. These guidelines was then implemented in a project with a client where the aim was to create a social sustainable lighting design for the shopping center ”Valbo Köpcentrum” right outside the Swedish city of Gävle.

Studies suggest that mystery can increase curiosity and interest for certain spaces. This topic becomes highly relevant in current times when contemporary architecture turns its concerns towards sharp vision. The result is a legacy of highly instagramable buildings, that lack the quality of generating emotional engagement and pleasing other senses than vision (Pallasma, 1996). In fact, it is this impossibility to completely understand something in the visual field that characterizes mysterious spaces. Yet, the lack of clear information may cause dichotomous, sometimes overlapped, feelings. From anxiety to expectation of a pleasant reward or of finding a magical secret spot. In both cases, the consequence of mystery is feeling of anticipation and, consequently, willingness to explore the space to overcome that feeling. There seems to be a consensus among the masters of architecture about the power of light and shadow to create mysterious, curious and magic atmospheres. However, the subjectivity involved in the perception of mystery and its associations make it a hard quality to be assessed. This thesis intends to shine a light in the topic and contribute to equip architects and designers with a tool that might help to create more sensitive, engaging multisensorial architecture.

Public spaces are the drawing rooms of the society, where peoplemeet, interact and replenish their body and mind away from workand home. It is a welcoming space that caters to people of allages, gender, caste, creed and economic status. Chandigarh, acity designed by Le Corbusier as an example of modern liberatedIndia, embodies these ideals of public placemaking. But over theyears, many cities have veered towards stretching activities intothe dark hours. Most public spaces were not designed to cater tothis. As a result, unused or sparingly used spaces form dead pocketsin the nocturnal landscape of the city. This brings an opportunityfor new and innovative lighting interventions to transform thesedead spaces.This thesis is a qualitative study in checking the feasibility of a lightfestival in Chandigarh as a solution to dead urban spaces. The citywas analysed to identify problematic areas as potential sites for thefestival. This also requires an in-depth investigation into the effects of light festivals. For this, a study has been conducted on lightart installations, existing literature and case studies of light festivalsunder the broad categories of image regeneration, revenuegeneration and job generation. The deductions from these arecompared with opinions of experts (lighting designers, organizers)to get a holistic view based on perceived and documentedeffects of light festivals. A study in trends was also conductedto gauge the general popularity of festivals as a measure of theglobal image of the host city. On the basis of the analysis of theseresults, a program framework for the prospective Chandigarh lightfestival is proposed.

In this thesis I have analyzed how the phenomenon level of contrast, a consequence of the relation between level of light and distribution of light, works within urban green areas. For this particular site, the too high level of contrast is a result of the high level of light distributed 1) in the direction of oncoming pedestrians and 2) in a single zone of light and 3) on a too condensed surface area and 4) in a space with multiple vertical elements (in a dark space with low reflectance values). Being in the only lighted area surrounded by trees (vertical elements absorbing or reflecting light), with eyes adapted to its level of light, consequently, makes it impossible to see beyond the path. This since our eyes always adapt to the brightest spot in our field of view, which in all directions is a spot very close to the user. And since adapting to the emitted and reflected light our eyes cannot also adapt to the darkness beyond this enclosed space. Another perspective on this, also related to the very basics of our vision has to do with the task oriented lighting solutions. We humans have two different types of vision - central and peripheral. The central vision is approximately 2% of our field of view, it is the small spot where our gaze focus, the rest is peripheral vision. The strange thing is that modern urban lighting design have focused almost solely on task lighting and the central vision, and left the peripheral vision literally disorientated. Because, in order for the peripheral vision to help us navigate and collect spatial information, it needs variable lightning with multiple zones of light, creating differences in shade, revealing form and depth. The main contribution of this thesis, beyond defining knowledge regarding how light acts in these specific situations, is the development of a lighting design method specifically for urban green areas from a practice based design perspective (see figure 16). And that I have started the work of creating practical knowledge and answers to the question: How can the method be used in practice?

Daylight is an essential element for both the built and natural environment. A careful design that acknowledges daylight performance can improve energy efficiency and environment protection, thus making construction more sustainable.

However, allocating time to deeply evaluate all the aspects in a project might be challenging. In this framework, the aim is to analyze, through a specific designed case study, the different available options when it comes to manage daylight as a building material.

Climate adaptation as a base for an architectural project is essential to achieve a regenerative evolution of the built environment. It should be holistically considered from the very outset, to conclude in a livable, sustainable and quality-designed space. 

The aim of the present research is to thoroughly analyze daylight in order to use it as an input at the very early stage of an architectural project. Analyzing two different latitudes, Uruguay and Sweden, provided with a wide range of information, evidencing that assessing daylight is as complex as crucial. 

Hence, the combination of academic methods with professional practice is key to design the built environment. By using an experimental cabin as case study, and with the support of the program Climate Studio, daylight is analyzed in these two different locations. 

Daylight's critical significance for both the built and natural domains underscores its potential to enhance energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in architecture. This study presents a careful exploration, using a tailored case study, to reveal diverse strategies for leveraging daylight's inherent attributes as a building material. Integrated climate adaptation serves as the bedrock of architectural projects, fostering regenerative development as well as liveable and sustainable spaces. This research delves into daylight's complexities, positioning it as a primary input in early architectural stages. Through comprehensive analysis in Uruguay and Sweden, this study highlights the interplay of daylight's effects. An experimental cabin serves as a focal case study, bolstered by Climate Studio software, yielding a thorough daylight analysis across these locations. The synthesis of academic and practical approaches underscores daylight's pivotal role in shaping sustainable built environments.

This Master thesis was aimed at investigating common daylight evaluation methods related to Swedish building codes versus human perception of daylight in residential spaces. Field (interview) and simulation-based study were conducted in one of the typical 20^thcentury residential, closed courtyard buildings in Stockholm.

12 residents of Kv. Väktaren 16 were interviewed and simulation models were prepared for the apartments occupied by the participants.

Resident perception of light was mostly contrary to daylight assessing values and methods of daylight factor – DF in a point (CIE overcast sky) and alternative method of window to floor area ratio – AF that are stated in Swedish standard (Boverkets byggregler BFS 2016:6). 

Attractive and interesting view, access to direct sunlight and visual comfort played important role in overall occupant satisfaction level, this suggests that daylight metrics should include perception-based factors, which positively impact our health and well-being.

Small children are fascinated by light and like to play with it. As lighting designers weshould be aware of this natural enthusiasm and take advantage of it. Introducing thechildren to light carefully and providing them with lighting design that meets them, wehave the chance to advance the children´s interest so that it can develop to a highsensitivity to light until adulthood.In my thesis I present the light project that took place in many Swedish kindergartensin the past few years and that was started to introduce the children to light. I approachedthe topic by researching about the pedagogy the project is based on andanalizing the activities that it contains. By a vivid dialog with the kindergartenteachers, my own observation of the children and the study of documentation materialfrom the kindergarten I got to know about the children´s relation and approach tolight. Using this knowledge I was able to define some important factors to followdesigning light for children. One of those factors is the aim to offer an open, flexibleand variable lighting solution creating an environment that encourages the children tocontrol and to adjust the lighting. Another factor is the ambition to make lighting designthat encourages the children to find the perfect lighting situation on their own.Furthermore should the kindergarten be a place, where it is allowed to play with lightand where light plays a major part in the children's daily routines.

Exposure to light relevantly influences human circadian rhythms, affecting not only visual perception but also physical and mental health. This thesis explores the role of architectural lighting on human health and well-being within a controlled Live-in Lab environment, focusing particularly on twilight exposure and its effects on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns. Employing a combination of environmental sensors and sleep diaries, the study quantifies light exposure and investigates its association with sleep disturbances and overall daily well-being. 

The findings reveal a notable misalignment between the prevailing lighting conditions and the optimal settings for supporting natural circadian rhythms. This misalignment underscores the necessity for architectural designs that more effectively integrate natural light cycles, particularly in regions with relevant seasonal variations in daylight, such as northern latitudes. Based on these insights, the thesis recommends adopting twilight simulation technologies to enhance sleep quality and better align circadian rhythms with other light patterns that are not naturally synchronized with the extreme conditions in the Nordics. 

The research contributes to the field by providing empirical evidence supporting the development of lighting strategies that promote healthier living environments, emphasizing the crucial role of lighting design in enhancing well-being. The recommendations offered aim to guide future architectural practices in creating spaces that not only meet aesthetic and functional requirements but also foster health and sustainability.

This master thesis study explored the impact of light on brand image. The investigation of pop-up retail showed that color and light are important design elements that enhance the pop-up retail experience by creating an appealing atmosphere for consumers and branding the store identity. The study relates to Richard Kelly’s three elements of visual design and employs them in creating different light scenes in a digital model of a retail space for evaluation regarding brand image. The main research focus was on color light and decorative light employed as Kelly’s play of brilliants, namely light as information and tool for visual communication. The study of the impact of light on brand image provided data for recommendations for achieving a specific brand image. The need for a customizable lighting design in the concept of pop-up retail was recognized and solutions for pop-up retail spaces were established. 

This thesis discusses the role of side openings in museums, in relation to users’ visiting experience.The research particularly focuses on the feature of view, analysing if the connection with the outsideenvironment provided through windows, results in an enriched museum’s experience and enhancedcultural identity. The analysis is based on the case study of the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, wherethree rooms with stronger, moderate and weaker connection with the outside environment have beenevaluated through visitors’ surveys. Results show that the public revealed considerable awarenessabout windows and their landscape and yet the view was rarely considered a distracting feature. Theavailable literature on daylight in museums hardly includes view among the acknowledged daylightbenefits, and, also due to the difficulty in controlling the daylight intake, side openings have gained abad reputation in the museum field. However, as in the analysed case study, the view was consideredby many as an enriching part of the visiting experience, this thesis calls for further research on therole of view in exhibition rooms and on how to include it properly in museums’ design.

This thesis explores the light qualities that generally imbue a contemplative and calming atmosphere andin what extent these qualities can be adjusted and applied in an existing indoor space. Starting point of thethesis are the vigorous pace of everyday life and the necessity of temporary breaks for internal calmnessand contemplation. In the present thesis contemplativeness is devoid of any religious connotations andembraces a more general state of calmness and introspection.In terms of creating a (contemplative) spatial atmosphere the transitional nature of daylight subtly indicatingthe passage of time and seasons is indeed a pivotal factor. In search of the main contemplative factorsa questionnaire was handed. Firstly, participants were asked about the spatial qualities of the spaces theychoose to contemplate, and then they had to choose between a predefined selection of spaces. A secondquestionnaire was created to further explore these contemplative (day)light qualities. The results notednature as an important element of contemplation along with the concepts of tranquility, orientation, andprivacy among others, a toolbox which guided the project phase within an existing meditation space inKTH.Finally, this thesis suggests that the outcome of the interplay between (day)light and nature offers an importantinsight in both the fields of light and architectural design and discusses how light qualities observedin nature can be adjusted to create the same contemplative feelings in indoor spaces.

The planning of public spaces is typically based on daylight, with little consideration for nighttime and dark winter evenings. This thesis focuses on Stieg Trenter Square, chosen after consultation with the local community through a Facebook group and a night walk. Under the assumption that the lighting conditions in Stieg Trenter Square negatively affect users' perception of safety and fail to meet their needs, This thesis aims to employ social research methods (surveys, interviews, workshops, etc.) to evaluate the application of social sustainability in the urban context of Stige Trenters Square during both day and night and to explore lighting solutions that can meet users' dreams and needs in the context of social sustainability. This research involved input from 52 survey participants (including 4 interviews), 50 workshop participants, 3 municipality workers, and 2 shop owners. The data was thoroughly analysed and synthesised with site analysis and literature review to understand the current situation and users' needs.The study revealed that crucial elements during the daytime were either poorly lit or not lit during dark times, while less important elements were excessively lit, creating a strong contrast between day and night atmosphere and identity. Therefore, a set of lighting principles for Stieg Trenter Square are proposed, following the vision that lighting in busy urban spaces should promote social sustainability after dark by introducing playful lighting and highlighting elements in the built environment valued by users, emphasising that the urban context matters as much at night as it does during the day.

Named in honor of three Swedish kings, Karlaplan is a prestigious urban space that’s unlike any other place in Stockholm. The fountain is the soul of the site* filling the space by its genuine sound of water. It is an ever-changing architectural landmark perceived differently in varied time of the day, season and viewpoints. The water is a soothing element, creating a pleasant ambiance by its only presence. Water epitomises life force along with the light and speech. Indeed, water is closely linked to the sense of vision and hearing. When the elixir of life is absent, Karlaplan loses its essence of life. It remains static and silent. Based on people’s memory of sound of the plaza in summer daytime, the attractiveness of Östermalmspärlan  is brought back during the dark hours of winter. The experience of sound filling the space in summer daytime is balanced with light filling the silence of the night. A discrete and minimal lighting design transforms the avoided dark centre, into a defined urban space, to experience it as a total visible form. It brings a new nightscape identity to Karlaplan. “You see the motion in stillness, the animation, because you see it in a dance with the light and the clouds. It’s alive, it moves in a different way.” (Bogard, 2013)

The rise of rock climbing is a global phenomenon. Seven out of ten bouldering gyms opened during this decade in Stockholm. With the increasing sports climbing population, the lighting condition of sports facilities should be a concern, especially since electricity demand growth in buildings has been remarkably rapid. However, not much research has been conducted regarding investigating the effect of artificial lighting on indoor bouldering users' experiences.

This thesis investigates a balance between addressing sustainable development goals number 7.3 and maintaining users' experiences while exercising, taking Klätterverket Gasverket as a case study. Different research methods have been used to provide a pilot study to be explored by others, including literature review, semi-structured interviews, and empirical study. 

This research has shown that it is hard to draw conclusions regarding the perceived qualities of light. The qualitative and quantitative results conclude that we can decrease electrical consumption in a situation that has sufficient daylight without sacrificing climbers’ experience.  Adjusting the distance between the luminaire and climbing wall can slightly improve the average illuminance level and user experience.

This project is an investigation of preferred illuminance for the study environment and the impact of different light levels on screen and print study. The research investigated the existed public library in Stockholm. The result found that the average illuminance of the study area surface was lower than the recommended standard, 500 lx. However, most subjects in Stockholm Public Library were satisfied with the lighting conditions. Then the research explored if users preferred lower light levels instead of the standard light level by experiment in a light booth that can adjust the illuminance levels(50lx4000K, 200lx4000K, 350lx4000K, and 500lx4000K). 10 subjects participated in this experiment, which methods including vision acuity, eye fatigue and reading test, and questionnaires of lighting conditions and emotion. The result showed that most participants felt 500lx was a bit too bright for reading on paper, also half participants felt too bright for screen task. The preferred illuminance of the paper task and screen task was different. In general, 350lx was the most comfortable level for the paper task, and 500lx for screen task, with the lowest vision acuity reduction and eye fatigue level.

Apartments are the most common type of housing in South Korea, with more than 60% of thepopulation living in it. The dense population within the nation inevitably created the phenomenon.Units sized 84m2 were built in large numbers because these so-called ‘national houses’ weresubsidized by the government and suited the family composition of the time. Lighting conditionsin the apartments remain underdeveloped since luminaires are pre-installed from the date ofpurchase. Excessive lighting and cold color temperature are also characteristics of the apartments.The thesis will begin by studying the daylight and artificial lighting conditions of 84m2 apartmentunits. Calculations will be done to observe the appropriateness of light levels. The relationshipbetween light and health, along with ongoing social changes will also be discussed with the currentlighting environments. Finally, guideline on lighting apartments will be suggested for sustainability,health, aesthetics and social needs.

The atmosphere in sacred spaces is something that fascinates me. The feeling I get inside sacred spaces is unlike any other. Light is the main factor that gives this special feeling. With this thesis, I want to investigate how to preserve that ambiance, particularly in churches. Heritage is defined as being both tangible and intangible. Churches are a testimony of tangible heritage with their architectural characteristics. They are also a part of the intangible heritage by representing religion and faith. Those two aspects are the ones that I developed.  The tangible, architectural investigation is done through on-site observations. The intangible, cultural investigation is done through interviews about perception. Light is my tool to highlight heritage in its double meaning. Church lighting is now facing a need for upgrades due to obsolescence of light sources. This upgrade comes together with the need for a modern understanding of worship. I aim to investigate how to create a modern language of lighting that represents the visitor’s needs while emphasizing the church’s architectural qualities. Based on the informations I gathered throughout the process, I can design different lighting scenarios. These scenarios focus on balancing lighting the architecture and creating a special user experience.

This study focuses on the interaction between light and taste, specifically the interplay between atmosphere and wine taste. An experiment was conducted in a real restaurant environment to understand whether the atmosphere can influence the user's perception of wine taste. The experiment took place in a restaurant in Stockholm where sixteen participants with different backgrounds evaluated 100 ml of red wine through a questionnaire in four lighting ambiances. The participants were asked to describe the atmosphere and the wine in each lighting scenario. The key findings of the Light & Taste experiment revealed a significant influence of the atmosphere on individual preferences, taste perception, and wine intensity. However, it's important to underline that no definitive answer has been found, highlighting how taste perception is a personal experience. Interestingly, nine participants used similar values to describe ambiance and wine liking in at least three Ambiances. In other words, the atmosphere matches the wine liking of most participants. Determining how the atmosphere influences taste in an uncontrolled environment like a real restaurant needs more investigation.  

Have you ever found yourself trying not to fall asleep during a lecture in an afternoon? Even if the topic was very interesting for you. Could it be that the lighting is helping me fall asleep? This question was the starting point for doing this study. We as humans depend on daylighting to have a healthy internal clock, for that we need to expose ourselves to the variation of light every day. This study focuses on indoor spaces, where we spend most of our time. The case study was in a learning environment, a lecture hall where projections are used every day, and where the lighting scenario must have low levels and hard contrast to present a good quality image. The methods used were a literature analysis, a pre-test at the Lighting Lab in KTH and a mockup to create lighting scenarios where participants would compare current and proposed lighting atmosphere. The results reflected that participants were more likely to sustain their attention in the lecture if the lighting atmosphere was located on their visual needs rather than setting the lighting scenario only for projector’s requirements. The outcome was a list consideration for future lighting design directions for the space.

My fascination for the night sky comes from childhood memories when sailing. I often used to lie on the wooden deck, looking up at the night sky, and these images created strong memories. These images are the starting point for this master’s thesis on Västerås lighting planning methods for urban cities and the use of darkness in urban spaces.

The research question is: How can Västerås, as an urban city- apply the French Decree, 2018 (Arrêté, 2018) & protect the night sky when shaping the master plan for the future? I am to investigate an ongoing design proposal for the city of Västerås by looking at how a new master plan is taking shape and how it meets the requirement of the Decree to protect the night sky.

The Decree came into force in 2019 as a national rule to reduce light emissions in outdoor spaces. I choose to implement the French Decree for this thesis since it’s the most vital standard for Western Europe. I will examine what´s advocated for theongoing master plan for the city of Västerås and how it can meet its needs for humans, fauna, and flora. To present a comprehensive analysis, I analyze the role and effect of urban lighting from economic, social, political, and environmental perspectives.

The composition of visual landscapes significantly impacts the utilization of eye features, consequently reflected in perception. As an outstanding species, human perception holds profound planetary consequences, directly influencing experience and behavior. This paper investigated why humans have become specialized in the certain type of visual attention, referred to as fovea vision. Furthermore, it explores peripheral vision and how these two modes are stimulated by lighting. It is commonly known that we receive and process visual information very differently in fovea and peripheral vision, which suggests a difference in time perception. To quantify the seemingly unquantifiable, the sense of chronological time was used to investigate the experiential variances resulting from fovea and peripheral light stimuli. An experiment was conducted, designed based on research, where the participants were asked about sense of time, after fovea and peripheral stimuli. Despite time and resource limitations, the results do suggest that sense of time increases with peripheral stimuli, but not enough to state statistical significance. Additionally, that peripheral-time is more varied and influenced by what came before, while fovea-time remains consistent. This paper highlights the importance of considering the outer limits beyond the fovea, and suggests that doing so, can bring us closer to our surroundings through embodiment and spatial engagement.

This thesis will investigate the relationship between lighting and perception of safety through a case study. The main focus of this study is outdoor lighting with consideration of gender equality and perception of safety. Although street lighting is generally recognized as the most important environmental features that influences subjective perception of safety after dark, there is still lack of knowledge regarding the needed quality of light for this purpose and how it may influence perceived safety. Literature review indicates that effect of light on perceived safety works through two different mechanisms: natural surveillance and social integration. The main focus of this thesis is on natural surveillance. Indeed, light by increasing visibility in interaction with presence of people, enhance possibilities of natural surveillance. Based on literature review, a tool has been developed to have a more specific examination of visibility.Besides, the women’s safety audit (WSA) diagnostic tool is used as a qualitative data collection tool to identify unsafe spots in the chosen area by 10 local female participants. The chosen area is a residential area in Eskilstuna city, called Årby neighbourhood. All the participants were asked to determine unsafe spots from their perspective in the chosen area during an exploratory night walk. In the next step, the identified unsafe spots are analysed by means of the developed tool in terms of visibility.The result of this thesis supports the previous findings regarding the relationship between visibility and safety perception. Results show that urban settings with low level of prospect (obstructed view), high level of entrapment (escape difficulty), high level of concealment (lots of hiding spots), lack of illuminated visual spatial boundaries (sky plane, vertical plane and ground plane), low level of facial recognition and obstacle detection, low level of illumination of path, high level of glare and varied lighting distribution are judged as the most unsafe by women. In addition, the study revealed that illuminated ground plane has the minimum impact on sense of safety in comparison with other safety-related environmental factors. Consequently, this study highlighted that standards and guidelines, which are related to ground plane, are not very beneficial for improving perception of safety.

This master's thesis addresses the inclusion of individuals with visual impairments in European Outdoor Lighting Standards and practicalconsiderations for lighting designers, focusing particularly on nyctalopia (night blindness). Utilising the University Campus Hönggerberg of the SwissFederal Institute of Technology (ETH) as a case study, this thesis examines the current lighting situation and proposes improvements. The studyreveals a lack of empirical data guiding recommendations for individuals with visual impairments, leading to inadequacies in lighting design, notablyan uneven distribution of light and insufficient consideration for pedestrians with night blindness. Recommendations include implementing bollardlights, incorporating tactile markings, and prioritising glare reduction and uniform illumination. Drawing on the International Classification ofFunctioning (ICF), the thesis emphasises the need for inclusive design practices and public engagement to ensure equitable access to public spaces.Additionally, it highlights the importance of considering diverse disability needs and calls for further research to bridge gaps between photometry andlived experiences, ultimately promoting genuine inclusion in lighting design.