The purpose of this thesis was to contribute with an alternative to the current cleaning method used on Weda's underwater cleaner YT-600. A replacement of the pump and suction nozzle with an electrically driven rotating unit will facilitate sediment removal in pools and tunnels. At present, the brushes used on the suction nozzle are not efficient enough. The new solution must be able to process sediment that is difficult to remove and other fouling.

An engine has been selected for the unit, engine mounts have been designed and design changes have been made to YT-600’s framework. Material selection, a market analysis and a SWOT analysis have been carried out to identify possible areas for improvement. At first, concept generation took place by hand with paper and pen after which the model was constructed on CAD through Creo Parametric. Calculations and simulations have been performed to be able to identify the maximum stress that occurs on the framework.

The work resulted in the development of a new solution for YT-600. A suitable electric motor has been appointed, motor mounts have been designed and a replacement of the pump and suction nozzle has been carried out. Thus, the goals for this thesis have been achieved.

The industrial development throughout history has undergone three different revolutions and the fourth industrial revolution is underway, industry 4.0. This revolution is moving towards automated and self-organizing manufacturing plants where digitalization plays a central role in its development. The fact that companies fall behind with their digitali-zation work can result in them being outcompeted and eliminated. This creates an obstacle in Sweden's development towards becoming an international leading player in digitalization and weakens national competitiveness. As this project is a contribution to the Fordonsdalen Stockholm Project, the purpose is to investigate which digital technol-ogies the large companies work with in production, what is required to make the technologies work and how SMEs can adopt these technologies.

The project's implementation is based on the qualitative method that enables data collection via interviews and academic articles. The articles were obtained from internet-based databases such as Google Scholar, KTH Primo, Diva-portal, Scopus and ScienceDirect. Eight interviews were made with vehicle and manufacturing companies, of which three large companies and four small and medium-sized companies. This is to create a deeper understanding of the industry and the requirements and challenges that SMEs face.

The results obtained from this work is that most large companies use all the technologies, which are presented in section 4.3, and that the level of competence among SMEs must be raised to be able to work with these technologies, as all companies, including large companies, mentions this as the biggest challenge. Other challenges that are addressed are resource constraints and the lack of standards in the industries. With the help of standards, the digitization work and the creation of a connected factory are facilitated. The lack of standards on how factories and machines should be connected and how the exchange of information should be made is a problem that needs to be solved. The man-ufacturing and automotive industries should learn from the electronics industry, which has succeeded in introducing such standards.

Reducing the environmental impact is extremely important to protect the planet for future generations. Together with the high demand for sustainable work, the United Nations, the United Nations, has developed and developed 17 Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A project called Agenda 2030.

The work investigates the application of Green Kaizen, which is a method that increases awareness and commitment, to reduce the environmental impact and accelerate the sustainability work of the case study that took place at Scania's engine assembly. The Green Performance Map tool, GPM, is used to process which activities that can be executed directly in the assembly line to contribute to the overall durability improvement in engine assembly.

The purpose was to explore how a production unit in engine assembly at Scania can contribute to accelerating the overall sustainability work. Whether the method adds to the commitment of the employees by communicating the sustainability work was investigated within Scania's engine assembly. In addition, how clearer communication can stimulate participation and spread agood working environment around the environmental improvement work among all employees in the intended department.

Observations, surveys, and interviews were conducted with fitters and key people at the assembly unit at Scania. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed the shortcomings in the environmental improvement work. These shortcomings included the transfer of information, the involvement of employees and knowledge, tools, and resources, performed by the employees.

There is a need to add a culture of continuous environmental improvement work to the area and the entire company. Measures such as improving waste management and increasing the involvement of employees through activities have been developed based on the results in the area studied in Scania's engine assembly.

The conclusion showed that the Green Kaizen method can be used to accelerate the environmental improvement work on Scania's engine assembly unit that was investigated. Furthermore, it was shown that increased motivation and support, dissemination of information and training can communicate the importance of continuous environmental improvement work at the unit.

The goal of this project was to construct a lifting accessory that can be used by Husmuttern, to lift their wall elements. The purpose of this lifting accessory is to facilitate the construction process in Husmuttern:s microfactory and safe lifts of the wall elements.

The wall elements come in different types - one with a panel, one with a window and one with a door. These different types of wall elements vary in their centre of gravity, thus Husmuttern was in need of a lifting accessory that can adjust to these varieties. The wall elements come also in two different lengths and two different depths, which the lifting accessory also should be able to adjust to. These adjustments are included in the requirements specification. The lifting is done with both a forklift truck and a traverser, which the lifting accessory should be adapted to.

The project was done according to four phases; feasibility studies, planning, executing and finish. In the phase of feasibility studies, the project group studied inter alia previous suggestion on a lifting accessory. Husmuttern did have an idea of a lifting accessory, that the project group would start with first and foremost. As a starting point for the generation of concepts, analyses such as functions analysis and QFD was conducted. With brainstorming as a method, several concepts were genererated within the group.

After choosing an eventual concept by means of discussions and decision matrices, a CAD-model was done of the lifting accessory in order to visualize the suggestion.

The group’s suggestion of a lifting accessory consists of five components in total - two U-components, two support-components and one pipe. The group’s suggestion is a development of Husmuttern:s idea. Adjustment to the centre of gravity, is done by adjusting the support-component on the U-component. The pipe has different coils for the different lengths of the wall-element. Adjustment to the different depths is done by having two different U-components, which have different depths.

The project was carried out at AstraZeneca, Snäckviken at the API factory. Its steam system has long been affected by unintentional interruptions and this has not been remedied despite preventive measures, which in turn has resulted in production losses. The purpose of this study is therefore to develop a long-term maintenance plan at component level that will reduce all interruptions in the steam system. To implement this, it was necessary with literature studies, current situation analysis, interruption analysis, visits to Snäckviken and interviews. The theoretical section of the study included, among other things, essential concepts such as maintenance, time-based- and condition-based maintenance. These terms contributed to the understanding of the study and the result, and in turn also the discussion. The result demonstrated the fact that there were three components that caused the most interruptions in the steam system, and for one of these a maintenance plan was created. The plan is covered by a maintenance description, spare parts / replacement

The manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly digital and new digital tools are being implemented within companies. As a result, there is a change in working methods. Smart Maintenance is the latest concept in how maintenance should be performed in manufacturing facilities using digital technology. This concept refers to a way of working that aims to enable a more resource-efficient production and maintenance operation, from both an organizational and technical perspective.

In this thesis, interviews were conducted with companies, which constituted the central research method for understanding how the Swedish manufacturing industry views Smart Maintenance (SM), what their interpretation is of the concept and if they have applied this, and applied aspects or dimensions from SM in their maintenance operations. An interview with a researcher was conducted to expand the project group's knowledge on the concept and its impact on profitability, sustainability and competitiveness.

Based on information from the interviews and a literature study, conclusions were obtained about what the main benefits and challenges are in the practice of Smart Maintenance, as well as their connection with sustainability. In addition, the project resulted in conclusions about how the companies interpret the concept and how data can be used in order to make better decisions within the interviewed companies.

Blockchain technologies can support traceability, transparency and trust among participants. This has primarily been explored in established supply chains and not in the growing use of business networks or ecosystems, which is a notable limitation since supply chains typically are organised with a dominant actor that ensures common information systems and standards that negate blockchain benefits. Hence, this study explores the design of a blockchain-based collaborative framework for resource sharing using smart contracts. These are particularly well-suited for supporting operations in broader networks or ecosystems beyond supply chains with established collaborations and hierarchies. Based on a systematic literature review, a demonstrator framework was developed for stakeholder interactions through a procurement and distribution unit backed with blockchain technology. The framework consists of (a) network architecture to demonstrate partner interactions; (b) rules for network working principles based on supply collaboration requirements; (c) UML diagram to define smart contract interaction sequence; and (d) algorithm for smart contract network verification and validation. Applicability of these smart contracts was verified by deployment on an Ethereum blockchain. The demonstrator framework ensures quality and data authenticity in supply networks, so it is useful for effective resource utilisation in networks where outsourcing and production surpluses are major issues. 

With the increased electrification of transportation, there is a growth in the number of electric vehicles (EV) in use, and hence also discarded EV batteries. It is critical to trace the batteries so that the policy of electrification does not lead to a negative impact on sustainability. To achieve the goals of circular economy, it is necessary to consider the sustainable extended life cycle strategies of reduce, reuse and recycle. Information gathering and sharing through the supply chain is the key driver for enabling the tracking and tracing of materials and services needed. Traceability indicators across the value chain may enable the creation of a comprehensive database that aids the circular economy goals. In this study, we discuss three different circular economy business models and identify the key traceability indicators for enabling circularity in the lithium-ion battery application in the automotive sector. Insights are used to develop a framework for viable EV battery circularity, capturing three key circular economy elements and four traceability characteristics for different circularity types.

Visibility across supply chains has been a key concern for organisations for many years, but the tools and information systems to achieve real-time visibility have not been available until recently. In response to uncertainty and complexity, advanced information and communication technologies have been explored for supply chain visibility (SCV). However, managerial perspectives are largely absent from the current literature. In response, this paper systematically documents managerial factors influencing SCV and information that should be collected and shared among supply chain partners for better visibility. A multi-stage Delphi analysis was conducted with 26 supply chain experts from various globally recognised enterprises with manufacturing units located worldwide. The results provide details on prioritised managerial perspectives and experiences within (1) factors affecting SCV (drivers, enablers, challenges and contingencies), (2) SCV content (supplier, internal and customer information) and (3) implications of SCV (capabilities and performance effects). One observation was that forecasting is not deemed as important due to severe disruptions in supply chains. Real-time visibility for better predictability emerged as the top priority. This study is among the few that empirically explores factors influencing supply chain visibility and generates new insights into why barriers can be difficult to overcome in complex supply chain settings.

Visibility in production logistics and across the supply chain has become a key concern for organizations. Its need has been further emphasized due to the current COVID 19 crisis. Organizations find it challenging to prepare the internal logistics and supply chain, and quickly respond to such unexpected events, due to low visibility. Against this backdrop, the paper, which is a work-in-progress, systematically documents different factors influencing supply chain visibility and crucial information that should be collected and shared among supply chain partners for better visibility. A Delphi analysis is being conducted with twenty-six supply chain experts from various globally recognized enterprises with manufacturing units located worldwide. The study starts with a short open-ended questioner to collect a comprehensive list of antecedents, drivers, barriers, effects, and visibility information based on the qualitative response from the experts. The preliminary results from the first round of the Delphi analysis indicate that risk management, environmental sustainability, and supply chain control are some of the key drivers. Lack of IT infrastructure and maturity are some of the barriers, integrated systems, and technology maturity are among the key antecedents and gaining planning capability and better customer service are some of the positive effects of supply chain visibility as per the experts’ opinion. In addition, information related to planning, supplier location, and deviation are among the crucial ones that require the collection and sharing for better supply chain visibility. This research study is among the few that empirically explores factors influencing supply chain visibility and generates new insights as to why the barriers can be difficult to overcome in complex supply chain settings.

Globalization, escalating competition, and demand for sustainable practices have required supply chain and production managers to consider various capabilities and value creation strategies for the customers. Rapid technological advancement in the current production environment calls for integrative and collaborative efforts for effective resource utilization and better visibility to gain competitive advantages. However, privacy risks and trust have always been a significant barrier for organizations’ efforts towards supply chain integration. Supply chain stakeholders fear these collaborate practices might weaken their bargaining power, accelerate risk of data manipulation and result in loss of information advantages. Addressing these issues, the study proposes a Blockchain-based collaborative model for production visibility and resource sharing. It demonstrates the framework for stakeholders’ interaction over a central procurement system backed with blockchain technology. The study further lays down the notion of production capacity backed smart contract rules. These smart contracts will run on the proposed blockchain network to reduce the possibilities of fraudulent transactions and capacity overbooking- leading to illegitimate subcontracting. The overall network will stimulate visibility and develop a technology-based trust among partners which ensuring sustainability by effective utilization of resources.

The DM (diesel engine) department at Scania processes the different types of engines blocks that Scania uses in its trucks. They use a fault-free computer system with the aim of being able to have disturbance-free production lines of reported disturbances. Despite the large amount of data contained in the system, it is not well utilized in the disturbance analysis.

The task in the thesis is to map current methods for disturbance analysis used at Scania engine processing. The purpose of this is to help the DM department to be able to use the disturbance data in a better way.

The results of the project point to three conclusions. The reporting system is complicated and difficult for operators to do, which is due to the different reporting levels when reporting a disturbance. Reporting takes unnecessary time with the idea that the operator has many other tasks. Some disturbance data categories are removed from the analysis because you did not know how to exploit them.

The improvement of the situations was to develop the reporting system with a search function. The operators should be able to report disturbances with work mobile phones, so each machine should have its own QR-code. The disturbance data below the category “Full Forward” should be analyzed for long periods, which can help with the development of the production line.

Purpose - Procurement is an integrated part of the supply chain and crucial for the success of manufacturing. Many organisations have already started the digitalisation of their manufacturing processes using Industry 4.0 technologies and consequently trying to understand how this would impact the procurement function. The research purpose is to conceptualize a procurement of 4.0 model for a truly data driven procurement. Two research questions were proposed to address the model from digital capabilities and sustainability preceptive.

Design/Methodology/approach - This study is based on a systematic literature review. A method of reviewing the literature and the current research for the propose of conceptualizing a procurement 4.0 model.

Findings - The findings from the literature review contributed to the development of a proposed procurement 4.0 model based on Industry 4.0 technologies, applications, mathematical algorithms and procurement processes automation. The model contributes to the research field by addressing the gap in the literature about the lack of visualization and conceptualization of procurement 4.0.

Originality/Value - The current literature discusses the advantages, implementation and impact of individual or a group of industry 4.0 technologies and applications on procurement but lacks visualization of the transformation process of combining the technologies to enable a truly data driven procurement. This research supports the creation of knowledge in this area.

Practical Implementation /Managerial Implications - The proposed model can support managers and digital consultants to have practical knowledge from an academic perspective in the area of procurement 4.0. The knowledge from the literature and the systematic literature review is used to create knowledge on procurement 4.0 applications and analytics taking in to consideration the importance of visibility, transparency, optimization and the automation of the procurement function and its sustainability.

This thesis analyzes BTPX 305, a biotech separator developed by Alfa Laval. It focuses on a problem found in the vertical drive where the machine's vibration absorber and damper take place. Today the machine is experiencing vibration above the normal levels, and the product that the machine usually separates is very sensitive to vibration. Therefore, the damping mechanism in the machine needs to be serviced often because of wear in the damping mechanism. In the report, a variety of methods are used, TIPS (the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) for example are used to model and describe the problem in more detail, and internal/external research is done to possibly find inspiration from other machines that have solutions to similar problems. Solution ideas were generated in brainstorming sessions that were mostly inspired by the information gathered from both the internal and external sources. The concepts were then adapted to then become a solution proposal to the problem. With the help of a priority matrix, it was decided which of the concepts should be considered reasonable as a solution proposal. A couple of experiments were conducted on the concepts that were further taken from the priority matrix to ensure that the theory works in practice.

Treatment with medicine involves taking the right amount of medicine at the right time. More than 50% of patients miss at least once a week to take their medication according to the healthcare recommendation.

Victrix AB wanted to create a pill box device for patients with various illnesses and difficulties, the purpose is to simplify the use for the patients and make it easier to take their medicines at the right times with the help of a clock connected to the dose. In order to the pillbox to reach the largest customer group, it must be adapted to different patient needs. This led the company to create two different models of the box that can be connected to the same clock device. The first model should be unlockable and should be delivered to approx. 90% of patients. The second model should be lockable and should be sold for approx. 10% of patients. The clock device would be standardized to fit both models.

The work is a further development of a former thesis work done by a group of KTH students’ in collaboration with Victrix AB in 2017.

The thesis work aims to find a MEMS gyroscope for the W2000, a cleaning robot available at Weda AB. The gyroscope will be used to correct the course of the cleaning robot when it deviates from its specified route. Currently the W2000 does not have a sensor to adjust. To find the most suitable gyroscope for the cleaning robot, several MEMS gyroscopes were examined by gathering information and contacting various companies for guidance with our situation.

The MEMS gyroscope which was found and implemented in W2000 was OMNI LPMS-CU2. The gyroscope was chosen because it had the same output type and communication protocol as the PLC built into the W2000. A test was performed to see if the implemented gyroscope could correct the course as it was turned from programmed path. The result of testing was successful which shows that the W2000 was able to adjust when it deviated.

The degree project proposes recommendations and improvements for further work on this project. Although it was a satisfying result, it was only the first step in making it functional. Several tests and investigations must be done on the W2000 in order to implement the MEMS gyroscope as a whole.to insert text

The conducted project within the program of Industrial Technology and Production Maintenance concerns the industrial customer requirements for service of mobile networks within large industries. The large industrial customers, such as Scania and Boliden, have an immense focus on supporting the maintenance processes and managing production with the help of automation and digitalization within their companies. Today, the new mobile network of 5G, is a sought-after technology within large industries with large production facilities, that enables the opportunity to connect physical components and thereby increasing the efficiency within the operations.

In this thesis work, interviews have been conducted with three Swedish companies, Ericsson, Scania, and Boliden. This is where the requirements of implementation and usage of 5G network have been determined. Moreover, a literature study has also been carried out with the requirement of selecting information that emphasizes on 5G and implementation within large production facilities. The objective of this thesis work is to identify the requirements of large industrial customers, such as their needs for self-maintenance, their requirements on the network operator during implementation and usage of 5G. Finally, the objective is to also present a Service Level Agreement or SLA.

The result from the interview and the literature study shows that the customer requirements on the network operator are higher than the requirements the network operator has on thecustomers. During the implementation of 5G, industrial customers must adapt and change their production facilities, which requires new equipment, technology, and competent workers. These aspects should be considered by the and handled by the network operator. Industrial customers also have the condition of handling certain areas of the 5G network themselves, for example having technicians ready that can conduct simple maintenance. This in turn will enable more secure and efficient network and on the same time, at a lesser cost, due to the network operator no longer must conduct simple maintenance. Furthermore, a proposition for a Service Level Agreement have been composed, where the requirements from the industrial customers were documented.

This bachelor thesis has been done at Scania’s transmission department in Södertälje. The purpose has been to evaluate the potential to reduce the carbon dioxide emission from current carburizing process, by investigate the alternative method of low pressure carburizing and biogas. This has been done by comparing the current method with low pressure carburizing and biogas as an alternative process gas to gas carburizing. Over 60 percent of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere comes from carbon dioxide emissions and the industrial sector responds to 31 percent of the Swedish amount of those emissions. To achieve Agenda 2030 and a limited global warming actions has to be made immediately, where the industrial sector will have a crucial role to achieve the goal.

The project has been done by identify the current process flow with gas carburizing to calculate the actual carbon dioxide emissions of the process, as a result of combustion of propane gas. The process flow has been identified together with a relevant engineer within the area where quantitative data has been collected by observing the flows in the production and interviewing the operators. An alternative method with low pressure carburizing is already available at one of the departments ten furnaces and the identifying process over this flow has been made in the same way as for the gas carburizing flow. To evaluate biogas as an alternative process gas for decreased carbon dioxide emissions an extern interview has been made together with an literature study within the area.

The result presents that low pressure carburizing generates around 80 times lower carbon dioxide emissions per kilogram steel compared to gas carburizing, but the discussion shows comprehensive adjustments and expensive investment costs. Biogas is considered carbon dioxide neutral but generates a similar amount of emissions as a result of emissions of methane gas. As for low pressure carburizing, the adjustments for an implementation of biogas requires expensive investment costs but in a smaller extent. Therefore, an implementation of biogas is today the best alternative for the department since it is carbon dioxide neutral and requires less adjustments. Low pressure carburizing is an modern electrified industrial process and can be a method for the future manufacture industry for decreased carbon dioxide emissions.

At KTH Södertälje there is laboratory equipment that has not been used for a long time. The equipment that was used in this project is several servo boards. A servo board is equipped with a servo motor that rotates a circular plate that has white fields and a pointer, and on the outside of the plate´s perimeter there are markings that indicate different angles. This allows reading of the motor´s angular position. The white fields on the plate can be detected by optical sensors and enables the use of pulses to control the motor. The motoron the servo board is also connected to a potentiometer. The potentiometer allows reading of the voltage that correlates to the angular position of the motor.

A request was made about using this equipment in a laboratory exercise. The objective of this project is to program a system to allow control of the motor to a desired position. These systems will then be the basis of a laboratory exercise.

The different desired positions of the motor were regarded as floors in an elevator system. The pointer on the circular plate was regarded as the elevator cage. A user interface was created in LabVIEW that allows a user to decide which floor the elevator should go to. To make the laboratory exercise, the next step was to remove parts of the program that the students then must complete. The last part of the project was to write an instruction for the laboratory exercise.

Värmevärden AB is an energy company that distributes district heating. One of their challenges today is to reduce the energy losses and wear that occur in the plant's scrapper conveyor unit. The conveyor belt is in constant motion whether it is transporting fuel or going unloaded at idle. An understanding of the module's energy flow needs to be mapped.

An energy flow behavior model for the scrapper conveyor unit is presented. The energy flow in the startup sequence when the belt runs at idle and at full load is simulated. The simulations visualize the velocity and acceleration of the belt as a function of time and the current flow in the engine when getting started. The model allows changes on various parameters such as engine velocity, current limitations, work efficiency and enables the calculation of necessary material to achieve a desired power delivery.

With a current-limited engine of 140 [A], a lower acceleration is obtained as the belt transports the fuel masses. Energy losses are also reduced as the belt is started by their own mass when transportation is needed. This means that the wear on the components of the plant decreases as transportation takes a more controlled form.

A study of the perceived need to introduce digital locks on a unit in Södertälje municipality, a quality house is used to select a system of three. Then calculates what investment would cost and finally, a calculation will be presented which shows what an introduction could generate in monetary terms.

Investing in a pilot plant with 77 users would cost about SEK 50,000, this is a truth with modification - all costs are included, but only software and hardware licenses. If you count in 20 minutes, 100,000 kronor if you count 10 minutes and 120,000 kronor if you count in 12 minutes.

Today, the municipality uses traditional (physical) keys and stores users' keys in both larger and smaller cabinets at the units. According to the routine, the keys should be returned to the key cabinet in the event of a change, which means that there will be a lot of running with the keys.

If a security alarm is triggered, the operator has a 30-minute setting for the user. Problems can occur if the keys are not properly registered in the system, as well as during the day that staff have handed the keys to someone else in the staff and did not return the keys to the key box between the handover. It can also be that keys disappear, which must then be replaced by the municipality. The biggest time thieves are: in case of alarm, morning routine, and change of day. It happens a lot during a working day, which means that the staff needs to change keys with each other and staff solve this in the best way for the moment and not always according to the routine.

In the reports investigate which system the executives use and the conclusion is that it is appropriate to use a system that fits smoothly into existing systems so that there is no additional system. It is also important for a possible introduction to thinking about how the municipality intends to organize: installation, maintenance, and management - which the municipality has either a central unit, decentralized out of the units or use external contractors, such as a locksmith.

The performers are positive and feel that the need is to introduce digital locks, while the property owners do not see a direct benefit from the solution. Much depends on how the municipality for the dialogue and invites to talks at an early stadium and explains what you are planning for a solution.

This thesis project was carried out in the spring of 2021 at a Swedish owned company located in central Sweden. The purpose of the assignment was to gain an objective insight into the company’s stock situation for sales in EMEA. Then to investigate where cost savings could be made, how carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced for transport of SMT, and finally how the level of service to customers could increase by shorting internal and external lead times. To enable these criteria, the existing stock situation was examined towards a changeover to get closer to the customers in EMEA. Thus aiming to reduce the transport distance from warehouse to customer and from production to warehouse.

To enable this project, information has been provided by the people responsible for each department and a feasibility study was carried out on where the warehouse should be located. The feasibility study has been compared with the internal data collection. This collection has consisted of interviews and analyzes of previous work in the form of sales volume. Customer locations has also been examined to get an insight into how the material flows during sales in EMEA.

The logistics for the current situation provide a deeper understanding of how the problem arose and why improvements were needed. When the finishing production is closer to the customers of the company than what the existing warehouse does in the current situation, it is assumed that improvements can be made. With a careful examination of the company’s transport costs, warehouse costs and the distance to all customers in EMEA, the results have shown that gains can be made on all points.

The background of this thesis will give the reader the basis for the models of electric and hydrogen fueled vehicles.

The purpose and goal of this study has been to present a comparative study regarding electric and hydrogen vehicles, and to answer the questions that the study has raised. The results of the work are based on both FMEA analysis for hydrogen and electric vehicles, as well as a comparison matrix that provides a clarified picture of the differences between electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, through certain selected factors. A clarified picture of the FMEA analysis results has been built by applying a pareto diagram that describes the different risks of each model and also what their priorities are. Recommendations and additional safety work to minimize these risks are suggested and described in the FMEA analysis, based on input data and descriptions from previous reports, as well as gained knowledge from studies.

The results from the FMEA analysis, pareto-diagram and the comparison matrix shows that hydrogen vehicles are a less risk-prone model compared to electric vehicles and have a bright future as development opportunities still exist, this due to the fact that they are still new in the automotive industry. This can be proved with the help of the RPN number for hydrogen vehicles, which is lower compared to the RPN number of electric vehicles.

This written summary includes an account of the thesis project “dimensioning of finished goods inventory”. The work has been carried out at Scania DT in Södertälje within the department for transmission and axles. The central part of the work has been to study how today's finished goods inventory for transmission should be able to face the future production-related challenges. In conjunction with the fact that higher production volumes were forecasted for the next few years and that a completely new article program would be introduced in parallel with today’s assortment concludes that the overall current capacity would be exceeded.

In order to secure the capacity of the finished goods inventory before the future changes, the area would be reviewed so that solutions could be proposed on a number of points in order to increase the capacity of the finished goods inventory. Primarily the focus was on reviewing the dimensions of the inventory and building simulation models to be able to present proposals for necessary dimensions that could handle the increased production volumes.

Scania also requested that the simulation models could be applied to their other finished goods inventories so the model could be used to present similar dimensional proposals for future scenarios in other inventories. The work was limited to look at three time horizons that were of crucial importance for the inventories capacity. The horizons included the current volumes of today as well as two future stages of increase in production with a reduction of the system's cycle times, which would generate larger volume flows of products. Data for the simulation models were collected with the solution methods, semistructured interviews, construction of simulation models, observations and data sources.

The model's first step was to mirror to today's finished goods inventory, in order to validate the model against confirmed data. Then future production data would be generated based on the current input and output flows to correspond to future production increases. The production data of the future was generated by reducing today's output and input data with the differences between the new and old cycle times.

The Excel data tool was used to manage the large amounts of data, while the simulation program Extendsim9 was used for the construction of the model. The data in the programs were then linked together and generated the future volume flows that the inventory would be dimensioned for. These results would be the basis for the solutions that would be proposed on how the aspects of working methodology and inventory layout could be reworked to increase the storage capacity of the inventory.

These two aspects were examined in addition to the proposals for dimensioning, since the only solution proposal that was applicable on the aspect of dimensioning was expansion in height or width to give room for more stalls. This solution was very costly and not a first choice for Scania, which requested other solution methods to the problem. After the simulations were completed, the results of the various components of the model were examined. The results indicated that the next production increase would result in a product flow that exceeds today's storage capacity. In addition the capacity of the trucks in the finished goods inventory would be overloaded in conjunction with reduced cycle time, which would mean regular production stoppages when the conveyor belts were overloaded with articles.

Solution proposals were presented in order to ensure the future capacity of the finished goods inventory, where the solutions were aimed against the bottlenecks that had been identified in parallel with the changes. The proposals included the implementation of high bay warehouse, added truck and transport capacity, reduced lay time for the inventory´sarticles and revised time slots to enable a sufficiently wide outflow for the new volumes. This results in an overall increase in capacity for todays finished goods inventory, so that it can meet the future capacity requirements.

The key to solve manufacturing quality and productivity problems in the machining of parts is to understand the physical attributes’ geometric/kinematic, static, dynamic, and thermal behavior of machine tools. In this chapter basic definitions, error sources, and instruments and methodologies for the identification and evaluation of machine tools’ physical attributes will be outlined.

The first section presents the background and answers “why” it is important to measure and evaluate machine tools under no-load and loaded condition. Basic concepts and definitions of metrological terms will be given. In the second part, error sources in machine tools are introduced, and in the third part, instruments and methodologies for the accuracy evaluation of machine tools will be given.

This report describes a project concerning the area within industrial technology and sustainability. The research investigates the possibility to apply a renewable energy source utilizing solar energy through solar cells. The energy that extracts shall, to a certain extent, be applied as an energy source to the establishment Rosendals Trädgård. Rosendals Trädgård was chosen as a hypothetical example of how an implementation of an organization can be successful. The company HP solartech was a leading hand during the study since they attain professional knowledge within this subject. In order to make the study accurate, HP solartech supported the data by sharing the ground theories about solar energy, the difficult calculations and the implementation of solar cells. With their guiding and support, valuable facts and results was attained. The aim to this project is to present a proposition to Rosendals Trädgråd with support from HP solartech. The result for Rosendal turned out to a production of solar energy that covers 24% of their current energy consumption and an economical saving of SEK 160 900 annually.

Technology and property management is an administration within the city of Västerås that is responsible for the construction of the city of Västerås. The administration is interested in gaining a broader knowledge of optimizing maintenance systems for air quality and how it would lead to energy savings.

The emergence of their interest in optimizing maintenance systems for air quality and energy savings, is due to seeking new innovative opportunities to optimize air quality within their existing and new properties within the City of Västerås. The project group as well as technology and property management chose to focus on Hamreskolan, where they currently have a solid maintenance system for air quality but have a desire for improvement. The reason is their experience of air quality which is not optimal, the experience is that you feel tired, that it is cold and sometimes even too hot inside the premises. Good air quality is essential because it affects both the staff and the student's performance priorities.

The aim of this thesis is to present improvement proposals to optimize the maintenance system in Hamreskolan. The maintenance system includes the ventilation system and the control system where its purpose is to maintain the air quality.

The methods used for the preparation of improvement proposals are in-depth literature study, site visits to Hamreskolan, brainstorming with managers from Technology and Property Management and a pugh matrix for validation of improvement proposals.

In this thesis, the improvement proposals that will have positive effects for Hamreskolan upon implementation are presented and discussed. These improvement proposals do not necessarily have to be limited to only implementation at Hamreskolan, it is also possible to implement at several properties within the City of Västerås, Technology and property management. In developing the improvement proposals, the reality for functionality and its effect when implemented in Hamreskolan has been in mind.

Today, people need Wi-Fi, electrical outlets, and lighting, and at the same time public transport is a large part of people's everyday lives. The purpose of the work is to investigate whether the implementation of solar cells can benefit society from an economic, ecological, and social perspective. The study also describes how the price difference between On-Grid and Off-Grid can vary due to components used in the implementation.

The implementation examines the energy needs for Wi-Fi, LED lighting and electrical outlets and this has led to the battery size for the system being 150 Ah. On the other hand, Sweden has few sunny days, which leads to the number of dark nights being approximated to two and the battery size therefore doubling to 300 Ah.

The results show that connection of the electricity network to the bus stop requires a price of SEK 100,000, but implementing Off-Grid systems at the bus stop costs SEK 23,653 for main components excluding the price of assembly, fuse, and cables.

By implementing solar cells on the On-Grid system, electricity costs for the company can be reduced and the repayment period shortened.

The study concluded that two panels of Midsummer BOLD with 195 Wp will cover the system's needs. These panels are Swedish made from 100% renewable electricity and have low carbon dioxide emissions with around 90% lower than traditional solar cells.

The managers of AstraZeneca have globally decided that the production follow-up system TrakSYS should be implemented on all PET (Process Execution Teams). The implementation of this system has already begun but there is a long way to go before it is available on all PET. There are pros and cons for every system that is used today at AstraZeneca and the work with production follow-up varies. The same method for calculating KPI:s must be used everywhere in the production to enable comparisons. Interpretation of the standards for categorization of losses is differing between the PET which makes the comparisons difficult. An important aspect in the evaluation of the systems is that the key performance indicators (KPI:s) are comparable between the PET. Furthermore, the systems should be effective and user friendly.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the existing systems and determine which of them fits best for all six PET to enable aggregation and comparisons of OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness). The data must be accessible for the employees to enable comparisons. For this reason, the project group has analyzed the escalation of the problems. The categorization of losses is also important to understand the present situation on the PET:s and how the KPI:s are calculated. To answer the thesis of the project, the project group has used a literature and a case study. The case study was made by interviews on all the six PET and the helping function Sourcing and Supply at AstraZeneca. The selected theory for the literature study was collected from Primo and Google Scholar. A thematic analysis and a categorizations was made based on the production follow-up systems with pros and cons as subcategories.

The thesis resulted in four findings which are essential for the purpose to evaluate the existing systems and determine which of them fits best for all six PET to enable aggregation and comparisons of OEE. The production follow-up systems that are used at AstraZeneca today are TrakSYS, PlantPerformance and an analogue system. The TAK-model is used for categorizations of losses but variations of how the losses are categorized differ. Tier-levels are used for escalation of problems, from the production lines up to SOMT (Sweden Operation Management Team). TrakSYS was the production follow-up system that the group found most suitable for AstraZeneca which is the system that is planned to be implemented. The advantages of this system is the effectiveness, the possibilities to make it fit the processes and also that the KPI:s are calculated automatically.

The manufacturing industry is changing and must adapt to these changes that make higher demands on work instructions. Augmented Reality (AR) is a tool that facilitates these instructions and speeds up the learning process. This thesis explores the changes that occur in the learning system with the implementation of AR and what aspects regarding time, quality and safety arise with it. The work was carried out by researching scientific articles and interviewing candidates from Swedish companies that closely work with Augmented Reality. A visit was conducted to Scania to examine AR tools as well. The results showed positive changes with AR regarding the time aspect since the technology reduces the learning time for both new and experienced users. Compared to the paper-based instructions, AR provides clear instructions for the user that boosts the learning process. The quality is also improved during the learning as the user has lower cognitive loads which in turn leads to fewer errors. The learning curve is high as the instructions are simple and increases the user’s ability in learning. Technical errors occur in AR devices and complicates the learning due to outdated systems or connectivity problems. AR provides the facility to learn remotely in an AR environment for safety reasons as well as to experiment without danger. Limitations apply when using AR HMD, as it causes irritations in the eyes and headaches during long-term use. For future studies it is recommended to perform more difficult tasks to carry out measurements of quality- and training transfer for the AR user.

The thesis project was performed at Scania Industrial Maintenance. Historically, the intervals of the preventive maintenance for the production equipment have been determined based on calendar dates. As the calendar date does not take the actual use of the production equipment into account the maintenance is not adapted to this use. This could lead to either too much or too little maintenance is being performed in relation to the use of the equipment. When too much maintenance is performed, work and replacement of spare parts are performed when not needed which brings unnecessary costs for the company. At the same time, too little maintenance will instead lead to breakdowns when the machines are planned to be used, which could be very costly for the company. Because of this, Scania now wishes to proceed to determine the intervals for the preventive maintenance based on the production volume.

The objective of the work was to develop methods and processes that describe how Scania's factories in Södertälje, within the framework of the Future Powertrain Program (FPP), will transition to a maintenance interval based on volume. These methods shall then be tested in two pilots, one pilot at Scania's axle and gearbox assembly and the other pilot at Scania's engine processing.

To increase the project group's knowledge of subjects covered by the project, literature studies were carried out on reports, articles and in fact books. Literature studies were also performed during the course of the work on subjects that were not covered by the work's initial literature study. In addition to the literature study, a document study was also performed on the company's internal documents and included, among other things, the preparation process and instructions for Maximo, which is the maintenance system used at Scania. The project group also conducted interviews with staff at Scania IM and Scania during the work as the project members wanted to gain insight into the business and the existing ways of work.

By delimiting the work, the focus has been on realizing the theory on a smaller area to investigate whether this transition is possible to implement. The selected pilot areas located at DT and DM were studied with regards to both organization and production equipment. These studies, together with the project groups literature study and document study, were then used when developing the methods. The methods developed within the project were tested in pilots on selected areas and equipment. The pilots that were carried out within the project were successful and the aim for Scania now is not to return to calendar-based maintenance but instead expand the use of themethods developed by this project.

The result of this work is that a more accurate maintenance will be performed in relation to the calendar-based maintenance. The project group could also state that the safety in the workshops could be increased when applying the project's developed methods. This is because the maintenance performed on e.g. emergency stops or other safety functions are performed in relation to the use of the equipment. The methods developed within the project takes into account whether the equipment is covered by warranty or regulatory requirements. They also take into account the length of the PM and whether the PM includes routes, operator maintenance, periodic exchanges or security. These factors decides which measures needs to be taken on the calendar-controlled and volume-based PM, which results in an adapted and improved PM plan.

Parker Hannifin in Trollhättan wants to improve the material flow in their receiving department using new value stream maps and simulations. They also want to find possible ergonomic risks and find potential solutions to these risks.

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the potential profit that can be gained by changing the receiving department’s handling of the shipment from Brar Tonsjö.

Two new value stream maps were created, the first one describes the receiving department in a more detailed description. The second value stream map was created based on a bottleneck effect that was discovered in the simulation of the first value stream map. The recommended suggestions were confirmed through the simulation of the second value stream map.

Parker Hannifin has already taken actions for some ergonomic risks accompanying the risks of lifting heavy boxes. The foremost suggestions by the authors were made to remediate the time wastes that occur when the staff is using forklifts. By suggesting changes in the packing routines and management of the forklifts could ergonomic solutions that contribute to the potentiation of the receiving department be achieved.

There is a trend in industries towards adoption of new technologies coming from Industry 4.0 to improve logistics operations. This has also led to new requirements on engineering education. This paper presents work in progress on a mixed reality game that is intended to be used for the education on engineers and engineering students in the blended lab environments. The game itself consist of a physical and a digital component, and the focus in this article is to describe the design and prototypical implementation of the physical part and how that can be operated in a remote lab environment.

In recent years, policy makers as well as urban logistics and transport research have investigated how to reduce environmental impact from transportation in urban areas. Therefore, many new frameworks that can help a specific actor in its decision making process at a certain decision making level (i.e., business or policy level) have been implemented and published. However, the first screening of existing literature did not reveal frameworks that can be used across different decision making levels. This limits the possibility for actors using the same infrastructure but not necessarily co-operate to discuss how the actions and needs of each actor of different decision making levels mutually influence each other. This paper first presents an outcome of a literature review and analysis of existing research project results before. It combines these to a multi-layer framework that can enhance collaborative decision-making and seamless aggregation of performance measures such as environmental impact from multiple transportation activities in and around urban areas. For this multi-layer framework, factors are identified, and possible relationships across the various layers are indicated. The field of application is the area near urban manufacturing sites and specifically addressing all actors that share on regulate infrastructure relevant to last mile inbound logistics. The source of data is project databases as well as for the literature review research databases. The methodology applied is a combination of a literature review based on database entries and a snowball approach. The article also presents how the framework can be prototypically implemented in participatory simulations using a simplified example. Potential usage for establishing holistic urban mobility structures is also discussed.

Practical lab exercises and haptic games are often used to create understanding and awareness of how technologies can support the quality of warehouse operations. However, not all students have access to a suitable physical lab or game environment. A Mixed reality sandbox mode was planned, a game mode of free form that emphasises freedom of movement and offers the player a lot of flexibility and ingenuity in completing tasks and coming up with solutions to the game objectives with a combination of Augmented Reality and physical tools. The purpose of playing this game is to promote the importance of using sensors to increase the efficiency of inbound logistics remotely.

Designing Serious Games (SGs) is a complex process, often putting game play in a central role during the design process. Therefore, the game mechanics can create unwanted tangential outcomes. Further challenges emerge from the time constraints to deliver a purposeful product that meets the requirements of the target group, while maintaining a low budget. The re-use of game components and a participatory design may contribute to overcome these challenges. This paper presents and reports on a case study integrating reuse and re-purposing of a game-engine while involving the future users in the early phase of the design process.

Background: Serious games can be a powerful learning tool in higher education. However, the literature indicates that the learning outcome in a serious game depends on the facilitators' competencies. Although professional facilitators in commercial game-based training have undergone specific instruction, facilitators in higher education cannot rely on such formal instruction, as game facilitation is only an occasional part of their teaching activities. Objective: This study aimed to address the actual competencies of occasional game facilitators and their perceived competency deficits. Methods: Having many years of experience as professional and occasional facilitators, we (n=7) defined requirements for the occasional game facilitator using individual reflection and focus discussion. Based on these results, guided interviews were conducted with additional occasional game facilitators (n=4) to check and extend the requirements. Finally, a group of occasional game facilitators (n=30) answered an online questionnaire based on the results of the requirement analysis and existing competency models. Results: Our review produced the following questions: Which competencies are needed by facilitators and what are their training needs? What do current training courses for occasional game facilitators in higher education look like? How do the competencies of occasional game facilitators differ from other competencies required in higher education? The key findings of our analysis are that a mix of managerial and technical competencies is required for facilitating serious games in higher educational contexts. Further, there is a limited or no general competence model for game facilitators, and casual game facilitators rarely undergo any specific, formal training. Conclusions: The results identified the competencies that game facilitators require and a demand for specific formal training. Thus, the study contributes to the further development of a competency model for game facilitators and enhances the efficiency of serious games.

A main challenge for teachers is to provide good educational offers that appear both appealing as well as motivating to students to learn about the content according to the curriculum. Educational games are thought to be a good complementary way of provide this learning environment, but, so far, the adaption of educational games to a specific context is not only costly but also requiring a lot of knowledge related to game design. This article provides some examples on how gamified lessons paths can be changed in a simple way and how different components can be re-used, in order to save costs and time and to improve the overall quality of the learning experience.

The role of the teacher is to help students improve their knowledge and skills. While it is acknowledged that learning occurs within specific activities and contexts, the adaptation of learning settings to distinct didactical objectives and learner needs remains a challenge. Under these premises, the authors explore the demanding endeavour of creating and tailoring game-based learning activities for specific subjects. The design and personalisation of rich media applications require an extra effort on the teacher side and imply advanced skills. The paper explores the opportunity to reuse gamified lesson plans using an authoring pipeline that reunited authoring tools, game narratives and minigames.

Digital accessibility has been the focus of initiatives, policies and standards at European and international level in the last decade. However, adoption of accessibility guidelines and the development of accessible resources and applications remain limited and education is a primary example of the multiple challenges that must be addressed. This research has highlighted the main barriers that should be overcome in order to make digital educational games accessible for learners with disabilities and it has brought forward the critical need of personalizing the game contexts and analytics to meet specific profiles of learners with disabilities. Building upon the outcomes of two case studies, the authors propose a game analytics framework for learners with disabilities, in an effort to streamline game design processes that target accessibility.

The popularity of location-based games continues unabated and is benefiting from the increasing use of mobile end devices and advantageous general conditions, such as the Internet of Things and the Smart City paradigm. This enormous potential of engagement should also be tapped for serious location-based games, i.e. the use of location-based games beyond the purpose of entertainment. The workshop “Applying and Facilitating Serious Location-based Games” aims to contribute to the development of this potential. In the article, the theoretical basis for this workshop is derived and corresponding frameworks are presented.

Digital location-based experiences, such as app-guided digital scavengers, depend on users being on-site. The requirement to be on-site is a virtue, but it can also be a shortcoming of location-based experiences, such as in the COVID 19 pandemic. This workshop addresses the possibilities of eliminating the on-site requirement, thus extending the potential application of location-based experiences. First, virtualization approaches will be presented, which allow eliminating the need to be on-site, such as the usage of 360° technologies or the employment of videoconferencing software. Further, various challenges, such as the application of existing design principles for location-based experiences and instructional design for virtualized location-based experiences, are discussed and options to overcome the limitations imposed by the virtualization. This paper provides insights into theoretical foundations relevant to solving the aspects of virtualizing location-based experiences. The workshop results are intended to provide lasting advancements to eliminating the on-site requirements for location-based experiences. 

Nowadays, digital twins exist everywhere in various fields. However, an analysis of existing applications in manufacturing and logistics revealed that many entirely apply the concept. To identify when a complete implementation of the concept is beneficial, we analyse the need and the implications within production logistics. This study also presents an architecture supporting integrating a digital twin into production logistics and a corresponding application scenario. Based on this, we have derived practical applications. Each application is applied to different situations, and actual benefits can overcome the limitations of the previous studies. 

Digitalisation and automation of existing processes are key factors for competitive industry, but still logistics operations are often dominated by manual work. A shift towards higher degree of automation within existing infrastructure is often challenged by high cost and complex processes, thus a return-on-investment is hardly achievable within decent time. The experience has shown that it is hard to assess all restrictions and interactions between new and old components before any new equipment or infrastructure is implemented and put into operation. This paper presents and discusses if the usage of digital twins representing and simulating a physical part can support the related assessing and decision-making processes. In this context, this paper presents a production logistics test-bed includes physical devices, an IoT-infrastructure and simulation software for innovation as well as operational management purposes.

Digitalisation and automation of existing processes are key competitive factors for industry. Still, logistic operations often comprise manual effort, because the movement of goods and material places stringent requirements on the interactions between different systems, human-computer/robot-interaction as well as on changes in the operative processes. In general, the introduction and up-take of new enabling technologies, like the IoT, in complex systems evolved over decades, are challenging. The experience has shown that it is hard to assess all restrictions and interactions between new and old components before any new equipment or infrastructure is implemented and put in operation. This paper presents and discusses the usage of digital twins for supporting the decision-making processes in two different areas: Workstation design and logistics operation analysis. The results are based on tests and experiments carried out in a production logistics test-bed that includes physical devices, an IoT-infrastructure and simulation software. The digital twin is realised in a combination of using Unity and the simulation software IPS. The primary results show that there is no one-size fit all in terms of granularity of the underlying simulation model as well as for the reduction of reality in the digital twin, but the results also indicate that a context-aware digital twin supports the decision-making within a given scope.

Countries that have signed the Paris agreement aims to decrease their greenhouse gas emissions, and with the help of human activity absorb greenhouse gases to prevent a global temperature increase of 1,5°C before the turn of the century. Investments that involve human activity include Bioenergy with carbon capture storage (BECCS) and usage of biochar. Among the sectors that need to make a change regarding their behavior towards greenhouse gas emission are transportation, energy production, real estate, and agriculture.

The purpose of this study is to describe BECCS and biochar as a method for decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Calculate the greenhouse gas emissions for a premise regarding its operational activities and determine how much carbon dioxide the premise need to store in order to obtain climate positive status. Determine students interests regarding climate positive products and services.

The study used the life-cycle analysis method to determine how much greenhouse gas emissions the premise emitted. The information was obtained by the company that is responsible for the operational activities and emission factors for the district heating and electricity was obtained from secondary sources connected to the premise. A survey aimed at students was conducted to determine the interest of the students regarding climate positive products and services. The premise emitted approximately 15,4Kg CO2e/m2 Atemp per year for its’ operational activities. Approximately 70 percent of the students that answered the survey are interested in climate positive products and services. Conclusion from the study involves installing a renewable energy source on the premise and signing an electricity agreement regarding green electricity in order to decrease carbon dioxide emissions.

The manufacturing industry is characterized by continuous development and improvement work, especially when it comes to its production department which is the heart of the business. This is where the products we consumers dream of are visualized, defined, and prepared to come to life. The companies are therefore subject to having a production that produces competitively at a high speed, but also resource-efficient and reliable. Technical availability is the key figure that describes whether the company's equipment lives up to its expectations and is today one of the most common key figures used in the industrial sector. The key figure is a percentage that describes the proportion of the organization's equipment that is available during the planned production period and is used to measure the equipment's performance but also to predict and prevent production stoppages. In this study, we have calculated the technical availability of one of Scania's assembly lines by calculating their machines MTBF and MTTR with regard to serial and parallel interconnections. The result shows that availability losses can easily be avoided by using redundancy and that individual machines' poor performances can reduce the final result due to the machines' serial connections to each other. Furthermore, it can be concluded that valuable information that can be used for strategic decision-making within the production department is not necessarily extracted from the technical availability but instead from analyzing its building blocks MTTR and MTBF. These key figures can be used to validate the organization's maintenance strategies, as well as to predict and prevent machine breakdowns. In Scania's case, the availability of the department on which the study is based is so high that there is not really room for improvement that can be achieved at staff level, and any goals for improvement may feel far-fetched. As a solution to this, you can instead look at MTBF and MTTR with respect to all machines of the same type instead of looking at them individually. This will get you a value that represents the machine group's average performance in the department. With this you will get a figure that the staff in the maintenance department can be involved in and influence on a daily or weekly basis instead of a 6-month period.