Interlocking system 85, which is used by the Swedish Transport Administration today, is a signal distribution system and is coming to the end of its useful life, which has resulted in a lack of spare parts. The goal of this work is to identify the most critical components in the central unit and distribution system in interlocking system 85 and to investigate why these components fail.

To achieve this goal, methods such as literature study, collection of documentation from the Swedish Transport Administration, workshop at interlocking system 85 supplier Alstom and FMEA are used to model results.

Results from the work show that lightning is a major reason why the circuit boards in switchgear 85 fail for both circuit boards that have been studied during the work, MDM, and TRE boards. In addition to the lightning, the work shows that the transistors in the TRE-board are a component that fails to a great degree. For the MDM-board there is not a specific component that fails more than the other.

This thesis focuses on designing and developing a medication dispenser that can facilitate the medication dosing process for users, especially people suffering from chronic diseases. The goal is to create a simple and user-friendly product that helps users keep track of the correct dosage and timing of medication.

The thesis aims to design and develop an innovative dosing product that is tailored to the needs of users while addressing the problem of people often forgetting to take their medications. The product must be user-friendly, manageable, and portable. The goal is to create a well-thought-out final concept that satisfies the needs and wishes of all users.

To achieve this, a method was applied that includes a preliminary study phase where both primary and secondary data are collected to acquire relevant knowledge within the subject. Interviews were conducted with people suffering from chronic diseases to obtain specific information about the target group and to identify requirements and desirable characteristics. Idea generation was performed through the use of different methods to generate a diversity of concepts and solutions.

With the help of prototype tests and continuous evaluations, the product was gradually improved.

An important feature of the new product is its ability to organize the medicines by having two compartments for each day. This makes it easier for users to keep track of which medicines to take at different times during the day. Studies were also conducted to determine the optimal volume of each box so that it could accommodate 12 medium-sized tablets and meet the product size requirement. The material selection and dimensioning of the box were done carefully to ensure easy cleaning and portability.

The quality and function of the product were thoroughly tested to ensure that they met the needs of users. A wireless connection to a mobile application was implemented for remote medication monitoring and tracking. The Bluetooth module, buttons, and screen were carefully selected to fit the dimensions of the box.

The end product is a dosing box that is ergonomically designed. Its features, such as organized compartments for each day and wireless connection to the mobile application, give users the opportunity for structured and controlled medication.

The transition towards a circular economy (CE) has become inevitable to mitigate challenges of resource scarcity and resource price volatility, as well as minimize the climate and environmental impact. By 2030 for the EU, CE could result in a reduction of primary material consumption by 32% [1]  and greenhouse gas emissions by 48 % compared with the 2012 levels[2]. The European Environment Agency[3] estimates that the net benefits for businesses by implementing CE measures range from EUR 245 billion to EUR 604 billion. Although these figures are promising the reality is rather bitter. Remanufacturing[4] which is one of the most important strategies in implementing CE principles in the manufacturing industry, has an intensity (ratio of remanufacturing to new manufacturing) of only 1.9%, while the intensity in the automotive sector is 1.1% in the EU[5]. This means that the remanufacturing intensity in all sectors needs to be increased significantly to exploit the untapped potential of CE. 

At Scania and many other Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Suppliers (OESs), the flow of new components for the production of new vehicles is handled independently from the flow of remanufactured components that are intended for the aftermarket. The gearbox is one such component. For any company to intensify its circularity to the level that society needs without cannibalising the aftermarket business, integrating remanufactured components in the production of new products is essential[6]. However, OEMs have thus far not attempted to systematically integrate remanufactured components in the new products.

The iReGear project presents the first successful demonstration of integrating a remanufactured gearbox into the production line of new trucks and serves as an objective demonstration that the remanufactured gearbox performs as good as a new one. The project also investigated and confirmed that there are no legal obstacles to using remanufactured components in new trucks, provided that customers are informed about it. Additionally, it has been established that there are no existing examples of remanufactured components being used in new vehicles.

Two major Scania customers have indicated their willingness to accept remanufactured components in new trucks, as long as the performance and competitiveness of the trucks are not compromised. They also expressed a readiness to pay more for such a solution, given that it reduces overall emissions, and their customers are willing to pay for these added environmental benefits.

An attempt has also been made to formulate two basic equations and a procedure to estimate the economic and environmental potential of scaling up the use of remanufactured gearboxes in new trucks. Moreover, it is also estimated that the current remanufacturing intensity of the gearbox is only 0.4% relative to the number of new gearboxes produced by Scania each year indicating a significant potential for increasing the volume of remanufactured gearboxes.

This research makes a significant contribution to the ongoing discussion and provides the first evidence to support the argument that it is feasible to envision future manufacturing organizations seamlessly integrating manufacturing and remanufacturing operations to develop Circular Manufacturing Systems that consume fewer resources, produce fewer emissions, and cost less without compromising quality and performance. Future research should advance with a vision toward a Circular Manufacturing System, where the integration of remanufactured components becomes the status quo. Along the way, efforts should also focus on enhancing the efficiency of remanufacturing by addressing the shortcomings of conventional approaches.

Circular Economy (CE) promotes trading functions of a product as aservice instead of selling the product in conventional ways. For a product like ababy stroller, the function means ensuring mobility with infants without needingto own a stroller. This approach of acquiring functions only when needed opensup the possibility to share the same products with multiple users. For a manufacturer that has built its business on a conventional sales model over the decades,this shift may be too radical. Therefore, for the manufacturers, it is important tounderstand consumer perceptions of the service-oriented business model beforeentering this unknown territory. To develop a thorough understanding of consumerperceptions of leasing a stroller instead of buying one, a survey among 200 parentsin Stockholm is conducted. The survey brings out quantitative results such as 39%of respondents are open to leasing and identifies key influencing factors such asconvenience and environmental image that play a key role for the remaining 61%of respondents to choose leasing. This research concludes that a large numberof consumers are open to leasing if a high level of service and environmentallysustainable strollers are offered at a competitive price.

This study explores how Swedish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within the manufacturing sector manage crises and strengthen their resilience when facing an increasingly globalized and competitive market. The study focuses on identifying and analyzing the challenges and strategies relevant to the companies regarding their crisis management processes.

The study was conducted through interviews with corporate leaders and a comparison with theoretical models such as the RESPIRE-model for crisis management. It reveals significant deficiencies in the companies' formal crisis management strategies and technology integration, which limited resources and insufficient understanding of the benefits of robust crisis management plans can partly explain. Many companies rely on improvised solutions, which often prove inadequate for effectively handling more complex crises. The goal of the study was to answer the following questions: (1) What challenges, needs, and opportunities do SMEs face when dealing with unexpected events that significantly affect their operations? (2) How can SMEs improve their flexibility in the face of future unexpected events that could significantly affect their business?

The results indicate that despite shortcomings in proactive planning, SMEs have managed crises effectively through their ability to quickly adapt and respond flexibly, partly due to their smaller size. The pandemic has also led to unexpected business opportunities, increasing their market shares and sales. The companies have improved their mental preparedness for future crises, but many do not see the need to develop comprehensive crisis management processes for all sorts of potential crises. Instead, they handle crises as they arise, a strategy strongly influenced by economic and resource limitations.

Finally, the conclusion points towards that SMEs should develop more formal and systematic crisis management strategies, invest in relevant technology to enhance monitoring and response capabilities. These actions would improve SMEs' ability to handle current and future crises and strengthen their position in the global market.

The steel industry plays a critical role in shaping the modern world, serving as a foundational pillar for infrastructure, construction, and manufacturing sectors. However, its rapid growth has sparked concerns regarding its environmental impact and sustainability. As the industry aims for net-zero carbon dioxide production by 2050, this report explores the challenges it faces in adopting environmentally responsible practices and presents innovative approaches to reduce its ecological footprint.

Before delving into emerging technological innovations, a comprehensive overview of the current state of the steel industry was conducted to understand production levels and the methods employed by various nations. The analysis reveals five major innovative developments aimed at addressing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: oxygen and top gas recycling blast furnaces, biomass utilization, molten oxide electrolysis, hydrogen-based steelmaking, and carbon capture, storage, and utilization. Each approach's technological readiness level varies, with some already implemented while others, like molten oxide electrolysis, requiring further research and development. In-depth evaluations of each approach were conducted, considering both environmental and economic aspects to ascertain their feasibility and potential benefits in comparison to one another. This assessment provides an overarching perspective on the viability of each approach.

With the steel industry's trajectory towards carbon neutrality, these innovative technologies hold the key to a more sustainable future for the industry. By embracing environmentally responsible practices and actively implementing these emerging solutions, the steel sector can contribute significantly to global efforts in combatting climate change and fostering a greener world.

A pressure dissolution system was designed and constructed, and its function was verified through a series of experiments. This work aimed to provide a basis for gaining critical insights into the functioning and potential performance of such a system. Pressure vessels and nozzles were specifically designed and fabricated. Multiple sensors were selected, calibrated, and integrated into a wireless logging system for real-time data acquisition and analysis. Pressure drops within the system were measured, and predictive models were developed to estimate these drops based on water flow and the number of holes in the inlet and outlet nozzles. An optimization tool was developed to facilitate the planning of future experiments. An initial design for an accessible bubble viewing chamber was developed. Nitrogen purging was effectively implemented to reduce dissolved oxygen levels in the water tanks. The final experiment employed a full factorial design with four parameters (water level, pressure drop over the inlet nozzle, vessel pressure, and water flow) and two response variables (maximum oxygenation rate and Standard Aeration Efficiency), each tested at two levels. The results were compared to conventional aeration equipment available on the market. The system achieved a maximum Standard Aeration Efficiency of 107.24 g O2/kWh and a maximum oxygenation rate of 70.6 mg/s, representing approximately 35.6% of the performance of a conventional coarse bubble aeration system. The experiments indicate that the system underperforms relative to conventional market solutions. While additional levels in the factorial experiment may identify a more optimal configuration, it is likely that the system will fail to reach the performance of existing solutions.

This thesis discusses the optimization of biocarbon production for the metallurgical industry, emphasizing sustainable practices to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions. Investigating Envigas’s process, a leading biocarbon producer in the Nordic region, the study aims to enhance production capacity and operational efficiency in Sweden. Utilizing sawdust and woodchips as primary feedstock, biocarbon is produced through a novel pyrolysis process developed by Envigas. The research includes critical analysis and modeling of the pyrolysis flow, simulation of process modifications, and evaluation of factory layout and logistics. Comprehensive literature reviews on bio-coal production, pyrolysis reactors, and self-heating in bio-coal are performed for the study. Key findings highlight the benefits and challenges of internal logistics, resource optimization, and process modification using parallel operation. The study addresses potential risks, including bio-oil storage and impacts of internal logistics resource utilization. By proposing modifications to truck schedules and resource management, the thesis aims to maximize throughput and contribute to the development of a sustainable metallurgical industry.

The fourth industrial revolution has brought a radical shift in the production processes in the automotive industry. Digitalization is starting to play a larger role for companies and if they fail to keep up with their work, they risk being outcompeted by other companies. This study investigates the potential of industry 4.0 technologies to reduce the three major costs of automotive manufacturing. The focus is on understanding the automotive industry and projecting future needs and advancements. Through comprehensive literature reviews and interviews with experts within the industry, this work explores the roles of various industry 4.0 technologies, such as Big Data, the Internet of Things, and autonomous robotics, in streamlining automotive production processes and therefore reducing costs. Our findings indicate that these technologies not only enhance operational efficiency but also substantially reduce production, overhead, and labour costs. Our findings suggest that the three largest costs in automotive manufacturing are labour costs, manufacturing overhead costs, and capital expenditures. The integration of these technologies promises not only a reduction in manufacturing expenses but also an improvement in quality and production speed in automotive manufacturing. The report discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing these technologies, providing a balanced view of potential future shifts in automotive manufacturing driven by industry 4.0.

This thesis analyzes challenges and opportunities connected to logistics to increase self-sufficiency in food production in Norrbotten, Sweden. The northern location and extreme climate contribute to different challenges and difficulties for transportation and production. The aim of this study was to propose actions to improve logistics and self-sufficiency in the region.

By a literature review and data collection from the workshop “Arctic Food Arena,” the analysis of the degree of self-sufficiency was made. The results showed challenges in profitability for local producers, and a decrease in primary production was a major issue for sustainability. A continuous decrease in dairy cows and milk production is to be reckoned with in the future, which can affect the regional economy.

Another challenge is that due to the cold climate, some food can't be produced locally. Greenhouse farming has proved to be a good alternative in this matter. The grain cultivation has seen a large reduction, which has increased the dependence on imported goods. In logistics and distribution, greenhouse gas emissions from milk production are a big concern, but locally produced food is not necessarily the most effective way to reduce emissions.

Packaging, storage, order processing, and finance are other areas where challenges occur. Most producers choose to maintain control by themselves instead of outsourcing these tasks to a third party, even though they are time-consuming and not performed very well.

Economic incentives are crucial for both farmers and consumers, as their choices impact competition within the regional agriculture sector. To effectively manage seasonal products and reduce losses, optimizing storage capacity through investments in refrigeration facilities and the utilization of external logistics solutions is proposed. Increased self-sufficiency is part of the equation, but it alone is insufficient to reduce climate impact. A more climate-friendly production process is necessary, involving a strongly climate-conscious strategy and investments to decrease emissions and optimize resource utilization in the long term.

This report investigates the implementation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) as a strategic measure to address the recurring electrical grid instabilities in the municipality of Ekerö. The local power infrastructure frequently experiences outages due to its reliance on vulnerable overhead power lines. The integration of BESS offers dual benefits: improved grid stability and the provision of essential support services during periods of high demand. The study begins with an analysis of the current conditions of the electrical grid of Ekerö, highlighting the economic and operational challenges posed by the existing infrastructure. Overhead lines are particularly susceptible to weather conditions, which lead to significant service interruptions that impact both residential and commercial consumers. The economic implications are substantial, not only due to direct repair costs but also due to compensations required by regulatory standards for service failures.

In response to these challenges, the report proposes the strategic placement of BESS units throughout the municipality. These systems can store excess energy generated during periods of low demand, such as nighttime or off-peak hours, and release it during periods of high demand or when the grid cannot meet the load requirements. This capability not only stabilizes the grid but also ensures more efficient use of generated power, reducing wastage and potentially lowering electricity costs for the municipality.

To address questions regarding the optimal capacity and placement of BESS, the report utilizes HOMER Pro software for microgrid optimization. Various scenarios were simulated using HOMER Pro to determine the most effective solution based on Ekerö’s specific energy needs and grid conditions. The simulations resulted in a recommendation to implement a total capacity of approximately 52 MWh of battery storage across all substations to meet the municipality’s energy needs during outages and periods of high demand.

Furthermore, the report details the technical specifications and operational mechanisms of BESS, including the types of batteries considered (e.g., lithium-ion, lead-acid), their expected lifespan, capacity, and efficiency levels. It also examines potential installation sites, assessing their impact on overall grid stability and the logistical considerations involved in deploying and maintaining these systems.

In conclusion, the report advocates for the adoption of BESS in Ekerö as a critical step towards a more resilient and economically sustainable energy framework. By mitigating the impact of power outages and optimizing the use of electrical energy, BESS can significantly enhance the quality of service provided to Ekerö’s residents and businesses, setting a precedent for other municipalities facing similar challenges.

This project investigates the potential integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into AstraZeneca's Sweden Operation quality system to streamline processes and decision-making. Drawing from a review of relevant literature, the analysis examines how AI can automate tasks, predict deviations, and optimize quality management processes. Specific areas within AstraZeneca's quality system are identified as potential beneficiaries of AI implementation.

While acknowledging the benefits, the study also highlights challenges such as data integrity, security, and ethical considerations. Proposed strategies for overcoming these challenges include investment in robust security measures, establishment of clear ethical guidelines, and ongoing user education.

Additionally, this study has utilized interviews and observations with process owners within the quality system at AstraZeneca to ensure a comprehensive result. By gathering insights and perspectives from those directly involved in quality processes, the study provides a deeper understanding of both challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of AI. This approach strengthens the credibility and usability of the study's conclusions and recommendations.

In conclusion, successful AI implementation holds the promise of enhancing AstraZeneca's Sweden Operation quality system’s efficiency. Responsible integration of AI technologies has the potential to elevate quality standards, improve decision-making processes, and foster innovation, positioning AstraZeneca as a frontrunner in pharmaceutical excellence and advancement.

This thesis aims to investigate and help Telge Bostäder to map their climate impact within Scope 3, encompassing indirect emissions generated by the business activities but outside its direct control, such as emissions from the supply chain, use of products and services, and other external activities like business travel and waste management. The goal of this work is to support Telge Bostäder in their efforts to achieve climate neutrality by 2030.

By applying the GHG Protocol, a globally recognized framework for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions, the most significant sources of Scope 3 emissions were identified. These include 3.1 Purchased goods and services, 3.2 Capital goods, and 3.13 Emissions from downstream leased assets.

The study resulted in a mapping of Telge Bostäder’s indirect emissions, a plan for continuous data collection and reporting, and proposed actions to reduce climate impact. Recommended actions include enhanced energy advisory services, a shift to green energy contracts, and the installation of charging stations for electric vehicles.

An essential aspect of the work involved enhancing data quality to ensure continuous and reliable data collection, which is vital for tracking progress and adjusting measures as needed. Engagement and collaboration from all stakeholders, including suppliers and tenants, were identified as critical factors in achieving the climate goals.

The goal of this project was to optimize the production line to maximize the number of completed items produced. The project started with a planning and research of the tools which will be used such as simulation, lean principles, and information related to the production line. Thereafter, it was modelled in the simulation tool based on the data collection that was carried out and the simulation method. Once the model was ready, experimental tests were conducted to investigate how specific factors, such as strategically placed buffers and the number of operators, affected the efficiency of the production line's processing. Based on the results of these tests, an optimal level for the factors to be used in the full factorial design tests was determined. With these tests performed, it was noted that no optimization could be carried out on the production line as the simulation achieved only 72% efficiency when the target for the production line is 75%. Instead, other strategic recommendations were provided on what the company could do to increase the efficiency of the production line. These recommendations include, a temporary buffer, waiting out temporary stoppages, addressing deviant process steps, and reducing rejections.

We live in a time where access to energy is an issue that affects a large part of the world's population. The demand for renewable fuels is increasing, and solid fuels such as wood are becoming an increasingly attractive alternative for heating households. To produce wood for this purpose, the most serviceable log splitters today are large and suitable for outdoor environments. However, the reasonably compact alternatives that could be used in indoor environments are manual constructions that require precision and hand strength. These factors make them less user-friendly to the larger mass, and the product is less suited to users who, for various reasons, cannot use muscle power to split the wood.

The objective of this thesis was to develop a concept proposal for a wood splitter for indoor use that aims to improve the possibilities for splitting wood indoors.

The project commenced with market analysis, and literature studies have been used as methods in order to determine the most essential requirements. The literature study provided information on the necessary splitting force depending on the wood species and dimensions.

The project result is a concept that enables firewood splitting with up to five tonnes of splitting force. The concept consists entirely of an electric scissor jack, a stand with an associated base plate, and a wedge splitter. Furthermore, the design of the stand enables the height of the splitting wedge to be adjusted. Dimensioning of the construction's parts is partly based on shipping costs at USPS and partly on the proper mechanism to function as desired. The log splitter is visualized as a CAD model where the choice of material and color is based on the concept definition and concept generation phase.

Scania, a world-leading company in truck and bus manufacturing, strives to create sustainable and environmentally friendly products through careful research and testing. This report focuses on measuring the dynamic loads on a kingpin, a component that connects the towing truck to the trailer. All horizontal force is transmitted via the kingpin, making it essential for the safety of the truck.

Standardized tests ensure that the strength of the coupling components is sufficient to withstand the loads they are subjected to. The aim of this thesis is to develop a measurement method for measuring the horizontal forces. This knowledge will enable the development of both physical and virtual testing methods.

Measuring dynamic loads on a kingpin has always been challenging due to its design, which is short and has three levers that constantly switch between loads. Understanding the force transmission between the truck and the trailer can facilitate further development, such as optimizing energy and efficiency in electric trucks.

In this project, various methods were investigated to measure the loads on the kingpin using a chassis strength test rig (CH2 test rig). The advantage of the CH2 test rig is that the truck frame does not rotate, which facilitates the development of solutions that are difficult to apply in real driving conditions. A challenge in assessing the practical effectiveness of the proposed solution is whether the kingpin experiences sufficient strains due to its complex design. Therefore, a simplified concept with only a basic strain gauge was tested to examine this issue.

The results showed that the kingpin experienced sufficient strains, indicating that a more advanced concept that provides more detailed and accurate results can now be implemented.

Grenada is a small island country located in the southeast Caribbean region. Since 2011 the influx of the intrusive macroalgae Sargassum has become overwhelming for the nation to handle. Once it accumulates along the coasts, washes up on beaches, and begins to rot, it is harmful to nearby residents, destroying marine life, and negatively affecting the fish industries along the east coast of the island. Today, the island relies heavily on imported fossil fuels for electricity. A possible solution to the problem has been identified by the Grenadian company SarGas where the washed-up algae can be used for biogas production, aimed at producing electricity, with the by-product biofertilizer.

Following SarGas’ plans to implement a large-scale biogas production facility in Telescope, Grenada, a suitable and sustainable supply chain is necessary. The supply chain incorporates several pre-identified stakeholders on the island, and due to the non-linear physical transportation of input biomass and output fertilizer, the supply chain is more so considered a business ecosystem where circular economy initiatives occur. Therefore, it is also necessary to implement a viable mode of communication between the actors, where the efficacy of a knowledge management system is evaluated.

The study was conducted as an empirical study using qualitative data. The data was collected through 12 interviews with experts in biogas production in Sweden and stakeholders on the island. To gain a basic understanding of supply chains regarding biogas production in Sweden, five experts were identified and interviewed. The interviews in Grenada were conducted as joint meetings and site visits conducted during an 8-week-long field study in Grenada. The stakeholders were identified as potential suppliers of input biomass and consumers of output fertilizer.

Resulting from the data, a descriptive model of the ecosystem was evaluated. The evaluation focused mainly on the number of transportation truckloads, necessary storage facilities, and the composition and seasonality of feedstock. A prototype of a knowledge management system was also developed and evaluated by the stakeholders. Concluding from this, it was established that SarGas has two main options of feedstock; solemnly Sargassum, or co-digestion between Sargassum and sugarcane bagasse. Due to the seasonal occurrence of the biomass and the difference in delivery days and delivery times, both short- and long-term storage facilities are recommended.

Future research topics from the study include the availability of Sargassum and the nutrient content and demand for fertilizer. For a better analysis of the influx of Sargassum, collection from more than one geographical point is to be incentivized and availability needs to be better predicted. The nutrient content is essential for calculating more precise fertilizer demand, and transportation can be further economically optimized depending on the aggregated state of the fertilizer.

Digitalization plays an increasingly prominent role in our daily lives, and one sector strongly impacted by this development is the manufacturing industry. Within manufacturing companies, there is a constant effort to improve processes and reduce unnecessary waste. An important method in this area is lean, which focuses on continuous improvement with the goal of eliminating waste and inefficiency. In lean, it is crucial to make information visible and accessible at the right time, in the right place, and to the right people throughout the organization. One method to visualize and make this information visible is the use of pulse boards. With the emergence of Industry 4.0 and the ongoing digitalization, digital boards become a relevant solution for making information visible.

The purpose of this study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of analog and digital pulse boards in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries. By analyzing and comparing these two tools, a deeper understanding of factors and opportunities related to the optimization of these tools in both industries is achieved. To achieve this purpose, the authors have gathered information from the literature and conducted interviews with individuals from the respective industries.

Both the advantages and disadvantages of digital and analog pulse boards emerge through literature studies and interviews. Some advantages of digital boards are that the information is automatically updated from various systems and presented in a simple manner. The disadvantages of digital boards include that employees do not feel the same connection to the information as they do with analog boards, and that engagement decreases when participating in remote meetings.

In conclusion, both digital and analog boards have their advantages and disadvantages. However, it should be noted that in this work, the advantages are weighted more heavily, and there are more advantages to digital boards than disadvantages according to both the literature and practical experience within these industries.

This chapter presents a guiding framework for circular economy implementation in supply chains. Closing the loop for resource efficiency is a well-known practice in the industry. To concretize the circular economy implementation strategies, closed-loop thinking requires innovation and adaptation. Circular supply chains (CSCs) are one of the key enablers in closing the loop by design or intention for value recovery and profit maximization. CSC is an emerging area, and the view of CSC where forward and reverse supply chain is seamlessly integrated with the overall aim to achieve system-wide circularity is missing in the academic debate. By offering a cross-functional and systemic perspective of circular supply chains, we present a guiding framework to structure and understand the underlying complexities and highlight the crucial elements of circular supply chain implementation. The framework categorizes the circular supply chain into four building blocks: systemic approach, main drivers, levels of decision making, and mechanisms to manage the full loop closure and minimize the inherent uncertainties of a complex system. We conclude the chapter by illustrating the applicability of the circular supply chain framework using two industrial cases that are transitioning toward the circular economy.

This project has been done for Scania, which is one of the leading companies in truck manufacturing. The work has been carried out on site in Södertälje at Scania’s cylinder head manufacturing. The production line the project has been carried out on is relatively new and has had a few problems during its start up.

One of these problems is a buffer located between the machines OP70 and OP80 that, most of the time, is either full or empty. This leads to loss of production. That is why Scania wants to investigate whether a change in buffer size can solve this problem.

To help with investigating whether a larger buffer would solve the problem simulation was used. In the simulation program ExtendSim 10 two simulation models were built. One model was named “nuläge” and is a reflection of how the production line looked at the start of the project. The other was named “målbild” and uses the cycle times and shut down frequencies Scania wishes to have in the future. During the course of the project Scania started using new tools in the OP80 machines and it was decided to use these new tools in the målbild simulation but not in the nuläge simulation.

When all relevant buffer sizes had been simulated, graphs showing how many manufactured pieces you would get at different buffer sizes could be plotted. Graphs showing the percentage of which production was increased, compared to the existing buffer with 7 places, was also created in a similar way. Through these graphs the optimal buffer size for both simulations could be established.

From these results three courses of action were discussed and compared by their pros and cons. Lastly a recommended course of action is chosen.

This research focuses on developing a methodology for evaluating the performance of five-axis milling machines, driven by the increasing demands for enhanced precision and superior surface finish in machined components. A methodology for performance evaluation of 5- axis milling machine is proposed in this thesis. The proposed methodology introduces an innovative artifact designed specifically to evaluate the accuracy and operational performance of five-axis machines. The proposed artifact consists of 14 machining features. The artifact is characterized by its modular and scalable design, providing flexibility to accommodate various testing requirements. The design of the artifact was meticulously crafted using CAD software, followed by a simulation of the machining process in CAM software to produce the necessary CNC code. Prototyping was also an integral part in understanding the artifact in 3-dimensional space and mapping it to axis utilization.

The transition to a circular economy within the heavy-duty vehicle industry is pivotal to reducing environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency. This thesis investigates the lifecycle of battery systems in electric heavy-duty vehicles through a multi-agent-based and discrete event simulation model, aiming to quantify the economic, environmental, and operational effects of circular practices.

Firstly, a comprehensive logistics network model is developed that incorporates automotive workshops, battery collection hubs, and repair hubs. This model supports the quantification of circular practices by simulating the interactions and lifecycle stages of battery systems, from initial use to end-of-life strategies, including repair, recycling, and re-purposing.

Secondly, different supply chain parameters are analysed with regards to their influence on circular business outcomes, i.e., cost, material usage, profitability, and carbon emissions within the European heavy-duty vehicle sector.

The study employs multi-agent-based and discrete event simulation to evaluate various circular strategies under multiple scenarios, providing insights into the optimal configurations for maximising economic and environmental benefits.

The findings indicate that implementing circular strategies significantly enhances both economic performance and environmental sustainability. Key performance indicators such as operational expenditure (OPEX), revenue, and carbon emissions are analysed over a twenty-year horizon, demonstrating the long-term viability and impact of circular practices. This research contributes to the understanding of circular supply chain dynamics and offers a robust framework for decision-making in the heavy-duty vehicle industry.

To enhance well-being and efficiency in a company's operations, it is essential for employees to have good ergonomics. One way to achieve this is to do an ergonomics study where the focus is on analyzing the movements that are performed and contributing solutions that make work easier. Currently, the unpacking of inhaler components in airlocks at AstraZeneca Site Respiratory is done entirely manually. This is a contributing factor to injuries in the shoulders, back, neck, wrists, and fingers of several employees. The aim is to analyze various semi-automated aids that ergonomically ease the task. To gain a clear understanding of the problem, semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted at AstraZeneca, along with a comprehensive literature review to find previous implementation methods in similar studies. These interviews and literary reports have been used to answer the report’s research questions:(1) What aids are there to facilitate unpacking with heavy lifting and pulling?(2) What unpacking aids can ergonomically relieve the staff?Four different aids were developed using the method. The results presented a vacuum lifter, cobot, an internal plastic membrane, and a safety knife. The conclusion indicated that these aids can ergonomically relieve the staff and prevent various types of injuries. Through continued studies of the problem, a fully automated solution can be analyzed.

This thesis explores the possibility of integrating a V-shaped hydrofoil on a rowing boat. Hydrofoils are said to reduce drag and improve performance by lifting the boat out of the water. Through a literature review, previous research and technical solutions for hydrofoils are analyzed, focusing on V-shaped hydrofoils as a more cost-effective and simpler alternative to T-shaped hydrofoils.

The results show that it is technically feasible to integrate a V-shaped hydrofoil with a rowing boat. By reducing the hull's contact with the water, resistance can be lowered, leading to a reduction in fuel consumption by approximately 50–80% and an increase in speed. It is also possible to reduce travel time by half, as demonstrated by test runs of the Candela P-12 ferry.

The report examines which of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals are addressed by hydrofoils. It turns out that reduced energy consumption, lower emissions in maritime transport, and sustainable urban transport, especially in coastal cities and areas with many islands, are relevant. However, the consequences of this have not been explored, which is a recommendation for future work.

The conclusion is that V-shaped hydrofoils offer a solution to improve boat performance, but further investigation, practical tests, and adjustments are needed to ensure optimal performance and explore potential drawbacks of the technology. The work contributes theoretical insights and recommendations for how small boat owners and others can experiment with hydrofoils, and it inspires further research in the field.

There are several changes happening within the retail sector, such as an increased share of e-commerce compared to traditional channels, new customer expectations and demands, and warehouse automation of the logistics network. Today, most large companies in the retail sector operate based on a model with central distribution centers that cover large geographical areas but with limited flexibility, such as the ability to offer fast deliveries. With increased use of automation technology and new demands, there arises an opportunity for small, decentralized material handling nodes. One such solution is micro fulfillment centers (MFCs). These are small and highly automated warehouses located close to the end customer, often integrated into retail stores.

The purpose of this report is to investigate the conditions for and the design of MFCs for retail in Sweden. Research on implementation of MFCs in Sweden is limited; therefore, our literature review is based on theories about how MFCs are designed in markets other than the Swedish one.

The report presents literature studies, as well as interviews with potential users and developers/integrators of automation technology. Based on previous research and the results from the interviews, we have discussed and drawn conclusions about the conditions for and layout of MFCs from eight perspectives.

The conducted interviews have resulted in several interesting insights, such as that MFCs enable faster deliveries and bring several sustainability benefits. The technical conditions are well-advanced with mature automation technologies like cube storage, shuttle storage, and autonomous mobile robots. Several processes in an MFC can be automated with existing technology. However, automation technology and the design of MFCs impose limitations on product assortment and suitability for certain segments of retail. Currently, there are no clear economic conditions for implementing MFCs.

The results indicate that the conditions for implementing MFCs in suitable segments of retails in Sweden will be met within a few years.

This paper explores the qualification of a digital twin (DT) for a mobile manipulator (MOMA) in industrial applications. We discuss the development of different DT models based on various industrial needs and highlight the dependence of model accuracy on online sensor precision. Limitations of DTs for MOMA are examined, including challenges in respecting qualifiers due to the inability to incorporate unstructured aspects of the factory environment. Through a case study and some examples, we show the latent potential and limitations of DTs for MOMA in industrial contexts. The challenges of fidelity, real-time operation, and environment modeling are discussed. It is emphasized that creating a true digital twin of a mobile manipulator is hindered by the inability to include the complete surrounding environment. Recommendations for future research focus on addressing these limitations to enhance the effectiveness of DTs for MOMA in Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing.

The transition from conventional standalone metrology to integrated metrology has been accelerating in advanced manufacturing over the past decade. This keynote paper defines the concept of integrated metrology, which extends beyond parts inspection and encompasses processes and manufacturing equipment to enhance efficiency and productivity. The paper presents the characteristics, benefits, constraints, and future possibilities of integrated metrology for parts, processes, and equipment. It also includes a classification of the physical quantities of measurands, the corresponding measuring instruments, data and communication methods, uncertainty, and traceability. The paper also discusses future challenges and emerging trends.

Despite the recognized concern towards the environmental impact of the industrial sector and the growing emphasis on sustainability, current practices for capital investments in production systems have yet succeeded to integrate sustainability considerations into their design processes. A comprehensive lifecycle perspective is often lacking, and existing eco-tools are difficult to implement due to their complexity. This gap exposes the imminent need for robust tools and methodologies capable of evaluating the sustainability performance of investment projects. This thesis identifies the deficiencies of the current practices towards sustainable capital investments design and focuses on the development of a simulation tool, the EcoMC Simulator. Using the Monte Carlo simulation approach, it addresses the uncertainties in life cycle environmental and cost impact as well as circularity performance. An interactive research approach was utilized for this study, as it was conducted in continuous collaboration with two companies, AstraZeneca and Scania, as well as other experts involved in the Green Design project. Data was collected through a systematic literature review, interviews, and workshops. As a result, the carbon footprint, total costs, and MCI for new processes or products can be calculated within a single assessment, and different alternatives can be compared. A simulation run was conducted to demonstrate the functionality of the tool, with results showing that the EcoMC Simulator is a valid instrument for the companies involved in this study. These companies will further refine the tool through adjustments and pilot testing to assess the feasibility of its implementation. The results of this thesis work are intended to contribute to the development of the Green Design Method and advancement of the Green Design Project. The use of the tool developed aims to assist the companies during the design process of new capital investments, to make more informed and responsible decisions that integrate sustainability considerations.

Management control systems offers powerful ways of guiding employee behavior and implementing organizational strategy. Given the new business logic and the extensive and complex challenges that industrial firms face in light of a circular economy transition, this paper is oriented around two questions. First, the compatibility between traditional management control systems and circular economy. Second, how management control systems can support the radical transformation of firms that circular economy entails. By scrutinizing extant research on MCS, six propositions are developed and grounded in empirical illustrations. These propositions hold relevant implications for practitioners, and several promising avenues for future research are highlighted.

This work examines the introduction of collaborative robots in the automotive industry, focusing on their impact on the work environment and production processes. The study integrates literature reviews with empirical data from interviews with experts from Scania and another leading European automotive company. The primary aim is to explore the potential of collaborative robots to enhance ergonomics and efficiency in manufacturing processes by reducing physical strains and increasing workplace safety.

Collaborative robots facilitate the automation of heavy and repetitive tasks, thus decreasing the risk of injuries and freeing up personnel for more skilled tasks. The study evaluates different levels of human-robot collaboration, from isolated workstations to direct interactive environments where humans and robots cooperate on shared tasks.

Safety measures such as power and speed limitations are critical in minimizing risks during collisions. With the aid of sensors, collaborative robots can identify and prevent accidents. Despite these technological advancements, the study also identifies potential risks and economic considerations that could constrain the rapid integration of collaborative robots into existing production lines.

The results demonstrate that collaborative robots can contribute to improved ergonomics and reduced workloads but also introduce challenges, such as initial costs and safety risks in the shared work environment. The study emphasizes the importance of thorough risk assessments and the adaptation of workplaces when implementing collaborative robots to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

The shift towards Smart Manufacturing Systems has led to the digital transformation era, leveraging various technologies to drive enhanced productivity and production efficiency. In addition, the digitalization of the manufacturing industry makes extensive use of industrial information systems to support technical and business operations throughout a product’s lifecycle. However, evidence highlights the financial and environmental costs incurred by creating and maintaining digital models, which threaten an organization’s sustainability. Therefore, in this thesis, it is believed that alternative revenue sources emerging from monetizing repurposed knowledge embedded into digital models will serve as enablers to sustainability while promoting industrial innovation through collaborative ecosystems of partners where the focus is on the mutual exchange of value.

This thesis emphasizes the process planning task entirely, and it aims to investigate two main areas, the former involving a bibliographic analysis of business models associated with the servitization of the manufacturing industry within value co-creation environments, along with their corresponding technical enablers and requirements, while the latter focusing on identifying the stages in which company knowledge and expertise is embedded into digital models. A series of case studies in collaboration with a major Swedish manufacturing company revealed process planning experts’ workflows, challenges, and opportunities to improve the company’s current services.

The analysis and comparison of the two use cases indicated two discrete types of process planning workflows that are assumed to apply in different production systems. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to correlate process planning to business modeling by suggesting several conceptual digital products and services that can enhance the company’s existing offerings’ functionality. The corresponding value propositions of the proposed digital offerings have been formulated.

The proposed conceptual digital offerings have been validated together with the involved organization. At this stage, further improvements and validation are needed to justify the feasibility of the proposed business model framework and digital offerings. However, further developments and compliance of industrial information system providers with information standards can potentially enable business innovation through collaboration in the manufacturing industry.

Technical advancements in fields like battery technology, software engineering and remote-control technology has made commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or “drones” cheaper while also allowing for longer flight times, higher payload capacities and longer effective ranges. This combined with the growing market trend of home delivery services within the restaurant and food industries paves the way for studies on how this relatively new means of transportation can be used to deliver food to customers within range. This paper will focus on developing and designing a third party mountable container from a mechanical engineering perspective that will allow commercially available quadcopter drones to deliver food items from one point to another. This means that the design process will be dictated by a set of identified core needs that the container is meant to satisfy while results from relevant calculations such as load simulations are taken into account. Further information and discussion like proposed manufacturing methods, sustainability and the prospects of further studies will also be brought up as it pertains to the containers design process.

The interconnectedness of global supply chains, combined with disruptive events like the Covid-19 pandemic, has emphasized the significance of enhancing supply chain resilience (SCRes). Thus, this study aims to investigate how businesses employ SCRes recovery strategies to address extreme supply chain disruptions (SCD). To contribute empirical evidence on reactive SCRes strategies, qualitative methodology was employed, with a specific emphasis on the construction department at Northvolt. The construction industry serves as an apt context for assessing and offers valuable insights. Unstructured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with supply chain executives within the company to collect the data. The findings reveal specific challenges faced by the construction department at Northvolt in the face of global supply chain disruptions, shedding light on their responsive strategies. This study not only emphasizes the necessity of cultivating all SCRes capabilities but also contributes valuable empirical evidence to the field. The implications of these findings extend beyond Northvolt, providing actionable insights for businesses in the construction industry and offering recommendations for enhancing overall supply chain resilience.

This thesis investigates the possibility of applying early and not so computational heavy simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for optimization of gas exchange components early in the product development process.

The scope of the thesis includes the development of generally applicable settings and guidelines – documented in a methodology – when modelling gas exchange components with the software OpenFOAM, optimized to use as low computational power as possible but still obtaining sufficiently accurate and reliable data.

The report consists of a theoretical study and motives for simulation-related choices in OpenFOAM in order to adjust and validate the settings and parameter choices applied in the existing Excel script – developed by the department responsible for exhaust aftertreatment systems – that automates the set-up of OpenFOAM's simulation-related file structure. This in order to obtain and ensure reliable results using the script adapted to the environment for gas exchange components.

The report also presents underlying analyses for different settings and choices in order to serve as well-founded guidelines throughout the CFD-process; such as the creation of geometric models, the generation of mesh, measures to ensure convergence, and the set-up and interpretation of the results.

One of the deliverables of the thesis is a method description designed with practical guidelines for the entire CFD-process with intended software’s and with associated best practices in regards of simulation-related choices throughout the process.

A number of case studies – that has been simulated in this thesis – show that OpenFOAM has the potential to perform initial and indicative simulations enabling a more time-efficiently and broader ideation in the concept development phase.

In this report, an industrial company in Sweden explored the possibility of in-house refurbishment of their honing tools used in a honing process, instead of relying on outsourced suppliers. The honing tool is a critical component in the production of cylinder liners, the company aims to have control over the availability, quality and to lower the cost of the honing tool refurbishment and reduce dependence on external companies.

This project is thought to be a pre study which the industry company can use in the future as a base for developing the process needed to refurbish the honing tool themselves. In the prestudy two different solutions are proposed and presented with suggestions on layouts, flowcharts and tools needed. With this information the industry company has a good base to further develop this project and make a decision on if it is a feasible investment or not.

The methods used in this project have foremost been empirical data gathering consisting of interviews and experiments. A literature study has also been carried out to base the recommendation for the technologies used on the two proposed solutions.

The conclusion of the project is that regardless of which of the two solutions the industrial company would choose to peruse. Both solutions proposed will perform better in quality lead time and cost less over a 5-year period. If the industrial company wants to continue this project it is crucial that they gather representative data as in this project assumptions have been made where there was not sufficient data to base a decision on.

This thesis presents a method for modeling energy consumption in the milling process to assess their environmental impact, using a simple experimental approach. The factors influencing the environmental impact in milling processes are analyzed with life cycle assessment principles, and their climate change impact is calculated with examples of dry milling experiments. The model for predicting energy consumption is inspired by the mechanistic model of milling operation. The tangential cutting force coefficients are approximated using experimental data to estimate the spindle power. The developed model can predict energy consumption for given cutting parameters and conditions.

The results of the study indicate that 1) the energy consumption of the milling process estimated by the proposed mechanistic-based model aligns well with the experimentally measured results, 2) the experimental approach used to build the model is both easy and fast, and 3) the consumption of the solid cutting tool contributes the most to the environmental impact in dry milling processes.

Furthermore, the analysis presented in this thesis provides insight into how to improve energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of milling processes.

Companies have increasingly become aware of their environmental impact due to the growing demand for environmentally friendly products and services. Efficient resource use in production is crucial to achieving environmental goals. At AstraZeneca, the lean tool Environmental Value Stream Mapping (E-VSM) is frequently used to achieve the company's sustainability goals in environmental protection. This study was conducted at AstraZeneca's Site Respiratory with a particular focus on the product Symbicort.

The main purpose of this thesis is to use E-VSM to map and analyze resource usage in the production of Symbicort to identify environmental waste in each production step. To achieve this purpose, a current state analysis was conducted, including observations and reviews of internal documents to gain a deeper understanding of the production processes at Site Respiratory. Additionally, electricity and water consumption as well as the amount of waste generated by the production processes were measured.

The results show that E-VSM is a powerful tool for visualizing environmental waste and prioritizing actions for more resource-efficient production. However, the method requires careful data collection and interpretation to be effective. The study identified improvement measures in the areas of electricity, water, and waste, despite challenges with strict cleanliness and quality requirements within the pharmaceutical industry. The results provide valuable insights into resource usage and suggest concrete action proposals to improve resource efficiency at Site Respiratory.

The thesis contributes to an increased understanding of resource usage at Site Respiratory by identifying the factors that affect this usage. Furthermore, it was found that the product Symbicort has higher resource usage compared to other products.

Site Respiratory is recommended to continue the work with E-VSM by creating a future E-VSM and formulating a detailed action plan to enable the transition from the current state to the desired future state. E-VSM should be seen as a continuous improvement process, where each achieved future state is followed by a new mapping to ensure an ongoing improvement cycle.

In today's society additive manufacturing is getting more and more common. The technique is developing and is within reach for almost everyone. It is within the private sector the biggest growth of popularity can be seen. The increased usage of this technology has led to increased usage of plastic within this field. This means that the waste has increased as well. One of the most common materials for 3D-printing is PLA, this is because of a few different benefits. Although it has its cons, one of the bigger drawbacks is that it is hard to recycle. There are very few recycling facilities that can take care of PLA. This means that it is necessary to find another way to handle the otherwise wasted PLA. One way to do this is by making it possible for people to do it themselves, therefore the goal of this project, to develop an extruder for individuals. The extruder is supposed to use old PLA-prints to make new filament. This is good from an ecological perspective as well as an economic one. The extruder is designed to make it possible for the user to assemble it on their own. The project started with a background search, this was to get a better picture of the problem, but also to see what alternative solutions already exists. After this the phase of brainstorming as many ideas as possible started. When a concept had been chosen it was developed even further and calculations were done to ensure that it would work as intended. The calculations contained aspects such as strength of the base and pipe, but also the amount of energy needed from the motor and heaters to fulfill their respective functions. A complete design proposal for the extruder has been established, this together with supporting calculations and measurements for the different components. A few changes can be done to modify the machine for individual needs, however the calculations might have to be adapted depending on the changes that are made. A few of the dimensions on certain components might seem exaggerated. This is because they need to be able to handle the highest pressures and forces that may occur. These pressures and forces are only reached when the machine gets clogged up. The machine clogging should be unusual, but once it happens it might break without proper dimensions. At last smaller adjustments might have to be made by the user. This is because the machine has not been built, it is just a concept. Also, there will be differences depending on what specific component is chosen and the individual assembling process.

Scania's chassis assembly utilizes the software AVIX to create bill of materials, position standards, and balance assembly lines. Currently, time measurement is done manually using stopwatch, but a transition to Scania Time Block (STB) is underway. STB is a method that already has standardized times for different tasks and replaces manual timing. The goal is to understand Scania's utilization of AVIX and ES, analyze the competencies in AVIX and STB, time more positions using STB, and improve processes and routines.

STB is based on the MTM-SAM method and employs standardized codes for various tasks on the assembly line. An investigation was conducted on the pre-assembly of pressurized tanks to examine the time differences between the methods and the time pressure experienced by the assemblers. By utilizing STB, an objective and standardized time estimation for producing a specific variant could be obtained.

An interesting observation was a clear deviation between the manually timed durations and the STB times. The manual timings seemed to overlook specific steps that operators must perform. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that Scania implement STB across all production facilities, particularly for chassis, to ensure fair cycle times that consider the actual time required for each task. This would contribute to improved processes and routines in the production line.

Mobile devices have become more common in recent years. A key feature is their location awareness. The absolute location as well as the relative location awareness related to an object can be exploited for location-based applications on mobile devices allowing location-based interactions. A common example are digital scavenger hunt apps that guide users to different locations. Social inclusion [1] and social interaction [2] are a common goal of location-based experiences. Location-based apps are also used for learning purposes, as they support a variety of learning concepts. In their literature review on mobile apps in general [3], the authors found situated learning, inquiry-based learning, sociocultural theory, scaffolding, communities of practice, and seamless learning, which can be taken as an indication of the manifold didactic options of location-based apps. 

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the manufacturing sector introduces new challenges and demands for the engineering workforce in the evolving European economy. This paper investigates how advancements in AI tools, especially in manufacturing, necessitate a shift in engineering education to equip graduates with relevant skills and ethical understanding. While AI is not new to manufacturing, its ongoing development and increased accessibility bring forth fresh challenges related to required competencies and ethical considerations. Furthermore, this work explores the potential of incorporating recent AI tools, such as ChatGPT and other generative adversarial networks, into engineering education. This is illustrated through a case study of a master’s level digitalization course. In this course, AI tools aimed to help students bridge their programming knowledge gaps and educate them on ethical AI use, providing a model adaptable to lifelong learning courses in the field. This inquiry also addresses the broader concerns related to AI misuse in academic settings and the subsequent difficulties in plagiarism detection and accurate learning outcome assessment. The discussion does not argue against AI adoption but emphasizes managing its inadvertent impacts on the industry and society. By integrating emerging technologies and their ethical use into the curriculum, the engineering education system can better align with the shifting demands of the workforce in an increasingly digitalized manufacturing landscape.

The experiential learning principle has a long tradition in engineering education. Within production & supply chain management as well as logistics, a primarily learning goal is connected to the complexity of decision making and how the same decision may impact differently depending on the context. Such decisions are complex and difficult to understand, and serious games have proven to contribute to this understanding. Many of the games used for teaching the relevant topics are typically applied in a workshop setting and are often been specifically made for a specific course. However, not all educational institutions have the possibility to develop tailored games since the development requires multi-disciplinary knowledge, are costly and time consuming. The usage of commercial off-the-shelf games might be a solution. We know from existing work that this requires that the game can be modded or adapted to fit the intended learning outcomes in the course it may be used. This article takes previous work on the integration of commercial off-the-shelf games into logistics, engineering and supply management education one step further, and reports on the first results of full implementation.

The contemporary global steel industry is undergoing a significant transformation, shifting from traditional blast furnace-based methods to alternative processes like scrap-based and hydrogen-based steelmaking. This thesis explores the key enablers of hydrogen-based steelmaking, focusing on advancements in electrolysis technology, hydrogen storage, and the provision of renewable electricity. Through a comprehensive literature review, the study examines the technological, economic, and environmental aspects of these advancements. Interviews with technical executives from H2 Green Steel, a leading company in green steel production based in Sweden, provide additional insights into industry practices and challenges. The findings suggest that significant progress in electrolysis efficiency, hydrogen storage solutions, and renewable energy is essential for the widespread adoption of hydrogen-based steelmaking. Ultimately, this research sheds light on the potential for hydrogen to revolutionize the steel industry and identifies critical areas for future development to achieve sustainable steel production.

With greater demands for resource-efficient production to reach climate targets, more modern industry and continuous pursuit of profitability, AI can be used to streamline maintenance. This report aims to provide the reader with a greater understanding of artificial intelligence in preventive maintenance, its challenges, and potential applications. As a method, several case studies and two interviews were compiled to provide a detailed picture of maintenance methods and areas of application. Furthermore, to gain an insight into how well-established companies handle problems related to maintenance. The report also deals with economic aspects, practical differences, limitations, and reliability of the systems.

Using AI in maintenance places challenges on the company, not least on data storage and data quality. The relationship between AI and maintenance is just beginning and is expected to have great maturity and positive development going forward. The report shows that the integration of AI in maintenance potentially contributes to greater uptime, more efficient fault identification and a safer environment.

In this thesis, a thermal management system is simulated in Matlab Simulink for an battery electric truck, in order to thermally manage the vehicle's climate. A heat pump is implemented to cool down the cabin and battery while a PTC (electric heater) is implemented to heat the systems respectively. The heat pump works by the compressor vaporizing the R-134a refrigerant in the system, which is then converted to liquid when cooled by the condenser, which exchanges energy with the surrounding air. The liquid is sent further to a receiver that filters the refrigerant and is then transferred to an expansion valve that controls the pressure in the system. The liquid then goes to the evaporator to be cooled by an exchange with warmer ambient air from the vehicle cabin, after which the cooling process begins again. The PTC heater has a passive heating functionality that receives current through a resistor and heats the component using a coolant loop.

The battery's range is reduced at incorrect temperatures, therefore the battery's temperature can be checked during operation. This is to theoretically increase the range of the vehicle by having the battery at a more favorable temperature. A pre-study is carried out where data is collected to then model, and present simulated results that were achieved for different scenarios with heating and cooling. It turns out that the system's battery takes too long to cool down and warm up due to its large mass.

This is because the battery does not reach the target temperature during the course of the simulation, which is run for 1 hour, and therefore not after the comfort time which is 10 minutes. Furthermore, the parts of the cabin reach the desired temperature within the simulation time, except during the cooling down of the cabin, where the roof cools more slowly than desired. The only part of the cabin that achieves the comfort time is the sides of the cabin when heated. Which means that optimizations to the system should be applied in order to achieve better and more realistic results.

This bachelor's thesis explores the lifecycle of recycled lithium in electric vehicle (EV) batteries, with a focus on lithium recycling and its environmental impact at different stages of recycled lithium's lifecycle. The objective is to gain insight into the environmental effects of primarily lithium but also other valuable materials in EV batteries as well as how their extraction, usage and recycling is influenced by political guidelines and regulations.

The extraction process of lithium is examined, along with its impact. Additionally, various techniques for battery material recycling are investigated, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and direct recycling. These are then compared with each other in terms of environmental consequences, efficiency, and safety. The impact of policies and regulations on battery recycling is analyzed, specifically the guidelines provided by the European Union in the Green Deal.

The literature review work was reinforced by an interview with a representative from Northvolt. These reviews have been beneficial due to the extensive research in the field, although a limitation is the lack of diverse perspectives in the articles. The interview with Northvolt provided insights into how companies are working to reduce environmental impact.

In conclusion, this thesis shows that the most commonly used extraction methods of lithium have both positive and negative consequences on the life cycle of recycled lithium. Furthermore, findings of this thesis shows that there are political directives which have prompted companies to prioritize their sustainability focus. Consequently, companies that have already integrated sustainability as a core value have a competitive advantage over their counterparts who need to adjust to new guidelines and policies.

This thesis project is implemented at Scania Södertälje with the aim of mapping cycle times of the core making department at the new foundry. All measurement of cycle times to then be mapped is done to clearly visualize equipment and department capacity. The project began with the collection of all necessary information as a basis for carrying out the work and then suitable methods were chosen to achieve the goals.

The result shows a pronounced cycle time mapping across the entire department with a clear identification of the bottlenecks that control the entire production. Using the chosen method, the bottlenecks were analysed in depth to find possible waste in the form of unnecessary movements to carry out the process.

Improvement proposals were presented as a concluding part of the project's results and also as recommendations for continued improvement work to optimize production capacity.

Today's manufacturing industry seeks continuous development of new technology to meet the consumers demands for mass-customized products. Smart technology and digitization mainly characterize what the latest and fourth industrial revolution can offer the manufacturing industry. Virtual technology such as virtual reality and augmented reality have existed in the entertainment industry and military purposes for a while. But in recent years, it has been introduced in the manufacturing industry.

This study investigates how virtual technology is being used in the manufacturing industry and how it impacts the personnel and companies work. The study began with a literature review, where theses and reports regarding virtual technology in the manufacturing industry were examined. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with companies and researchers who actively work or develop this technology for the manufacturing industry. The interviews were conducted to build an understanding of its current state and what future work can be expected.

The results from this study finds that virtual technology can facilitate and streamline some tasks in the manufacturing industry. However, further research and development need to be conducted to ensure that the technology truly contributes to the efficiency. The main advantages of virtual technology include more efficient instructions and communication for workers. The disadvantages of the technology are that it requires space and resources to operate and it can be ergonomically demanding for the staff. The technology is considered to still be in the development stage and companies are not prioritizing their business development. To get more companies interested in the technology, researchers and developers need to present clear and reliable results regarding the technology usage in manufacturing.

This study is a quantitative analysis that aims to explore the link between spare parts availability and machine performance. The two production lines examined in this study are lithography and plasma at Silex. Data spanning a three-month period is analyzed to examine the correlation between spare parts costs and machine uptime. The methodology involves a quantitative analysis of spare parts stocks, machine performance, and reported machine conditions. Statistical tools are used to identify correlations.

The results showed a correlation between spare parts availability and consumption, as machines with the highest spare parts stocks also made the most withdrawals during maintenance. In lithography, a complex correlation was observed: some machines showed a negative correlation between spareparts cost and machine performance due to insufficient spare parts stock, while others showed a positive correlation, suggesting that available spare parts shortened downtime. The plasma area showed a positive correlation between spare parts costs and uptime. However, limitations arose in terms of capital tied up and storage space due to an over-representation of slow-moving spare parts in the stock.

The conclusion indicates a correlation between machine performance and the availability of spare parts, emphasizing that a balanced supply of critical spare parts is essential for optimizing operations. Suggested improvements include standardizing reporting techniques and creating a safety stock for each machine. Further research is needed to analyze slow-moving spare parts and make an economic comparison between SLA-covered and stock spare parts.

Amidst a world with emerging problems in workforce shortages, environmentalimpact, and energy crisis, it has become essential to increase production efficiency.Having data driven processes using artificial intelligence and machine learning canbe a step towards the solution. Nevertheless, these applications rely heavily on datascientists being able to create high quality models. Complications can arise becausethe data is normally generated in conjunction with processes outside the datascientist’s competency. Therefore, it is of great importance that the personnelworking in proximity to the data generation are instilled with some competency ofdata science. So that they can, not only communicate and aid data scientists in theirwork but, perform data analysis themselves. Combining the results from a literaturereview and discussions with experts in the field of production and data science, afive-step plan was made that engineers can follow to have a value adding impactwhen working with data scientists. The content of this paper relates to an industrialsetting, namely Scania which is where the project was performed, but in essence thismethod can be used by anyone working with high volume data.